Quantum AetherDynamics Institute

A PDF version of this paper is available here.

Abstract

Our previous papers and book explain the essentials of the Aether Physics Model in sufficient detail.  In this paper, we show the Aether Physics Model’s structure and logic for deriving a complete-periodic-table 1s “orbital” electron binding energy equation.  There remains a very small arbitrarily induced quantity in the present formulation, but we are confident a physical quantity will soon replace it.  This paper demonstrates the capacity for significant progress in understanding quantum structure and quantum mechanics using a completely new quantum paradigm.

1.     Introduction

Scientists have attempted to quantify the electron binding energies of atoms. Lindgren reports on probabilistic methods for deriving the electron binding energies using the Koopmans Theorem, ∆SCF, many-body perturbation (MBPT), Coupled-Cluster Approach (CCA), Greene's function, and the density functional theory (DFT) approach. Whitney uses a new two-step variant of special relativity theory to uncover an underlying similarity between all elements and Hydrogen, and algebraically characterizes all variations from that norm. The present work bases on a new discrete physical model for quantum structure, and results directly in an accurate binding energy equation predicting all ground state electrons.

The Aether Physics Model is a discrete model of quantum structure. Up to now, the Aether Physics Model only quantified quantum structure, as opposed to quantum mechanics. Despite the properly quantified Unified Force Theory contained within the Aether Physics Model, the model has been widely ignored by physicists and mathematicians. This lack of interest is partly due to the necessity of learning revised definitions for the dimensions, understanding that electrical units should always be expressed in dimensions of distributed charge (charge squared), and understanding the two distinctly different manifestations of charges. Further, the Aether Physics Model is a paradigm of Aether/angular momentum, as opposed to the mass/energy paradigm presently in use.

The significance of the Aether/angular momentum paradigm is that it shows the relationship between environment (Aether) and matter (angular momentum). The environment and matter quantify geometrically, as well as with dimensions and values. The geometrical quantification of Aether and matter allows for a discrete understanding of quantum structure in five dimensions (three dimensions of length, two dimensions of frequency), and a more precise understanding of charges and their mechanics.

The discrete and precise quantum structures allow for the development of the electron binding energy equations. We will lead the reader through each step of the process, but assume some familiarity with our white paper and book , which provide the foundation for the Aether Physics Model.

For the reader's convenience, Table 1 includes the essential values and dimensions for the calculations.

Unique to the Aether Physics Model is a new system of quantum measurement units.  The quantum measurement units contain both dimensions and quantum values.  Except where the quantum measurement already defines in modern physics, a four-letter acronym represents each unit.  This new notation necessarily differentiates the new unit system from other systems.

2.     Strong  Force of the Electron

In our paper, A New Foundation for Physics, we demonstrate the Casimir equation is actually a form of the strong force equation for the electron. 

The slight difference in value is consistent with the Casimir effect experiment by Steven Lamoreaux[iv].

Since quantum structure composes from quantum measurements, and the Compton wavelength empirically demonstrates as the quantum length, we can determine the quantum energy of an electron during one cycle of the quantum frequency (the duration of one cycle of quantum frequency is a quantum moment) is equal to:

Interestingly enough, the quantum energy of the electron is also equal to the mass of the electron times the speed of light squared:

Instead of poetically describing the quantum energy of the electron as a dimension of mass times a velocity squared, we discretely define it by the strong force of the electron as imparted by the Aether (environment) at a range of one quantum length.  In other words, the Aether unit imparts one enrg unit of energy to maintain the existence of the encapsulated electron. 

Although the electrons are bound to the nucleus due to electrostatic attraction, almost all the binding energy action takes place because of the strong force between electrons. 

3.     Meaning of Kinetic Energy

All energy transactions occur in two parts.  There is the source of the energy and there is the receiver of the energy.  To put it in common language, there is cause and effect.  Whether an electron is seen being acted upon, or doing the acting, it is only half the energy transaction.  Therefore, the binding energy equation will represent only half the energy transaction.

4.     Toroidal Structure of the Electron

While researching the evidence for electron radii, we came upon the research of David McCutcheon and his Ultrawave Theory[v], which gave an interesting view of the classical and Bohr electron radii:

It is likely others have noticed this relationship, but such work was not located.  The above relationship reveals that a toroid with a minor radius equal to the classical electron radius and major radius equal to the Bohr radius has the surface area equal to the Compton wavelength squared.

Further, Planck’s constant easily demonstrates the quantum of action (for the electron) is equal to the mass of the electron times the Compton wavelength squared times the quantum frequency.

We used the above quantum analyses in developing the Aether Physics Model.  It turns out the electron models as a toroid, which can have variable radii as long as the quantum surface area remains the same.  Therefore, the electron is not a fixed-point particle, but is a flexible toroidal entity.  The flexibility is possible due to the Aether, which gives the electron its structure.  The Aether, itself, is a quantum unit of rotating magnetic field.  It has no material existence, but contributes to the material structure of the angular momentum encapsulated by it.

5.     Hydrogen Electron Binding Energy

Because of the relationship between the classical and Bohr electron radii, the proportion of the two is equal to the electron fine structure constant squared.

An equation, once posted on a Vanderbilt University philosophy page[vi], and by David McCutcheon, expressed the hydrogen 1s orbital electron in terms of the electron fine structure and kinetic energy of the electron:

In the Aether Physics Model, this would interpret as the ground state, unbound ratio of the electron radii times the strong force of the electron at the range of one quantum length:

(Electron volts express energy above, although the same value written in quantum measurements units is 2.663 x 10^-5 enrg .) 

6.     Helium Electron Binding Energy

Due to the nature of curved Aether (space-time), when multiplying charges the square root of each charge is used.  If there are two electron strong charges involved, then the strong force between them is equal to:

We could similarly calculate the kinetic energy as:

In our book, Secrets of the Aether, we have a section about Aether Structures.  The steps involved in building Aether structures involve quantifying the spin differences of matter and Aether.  Although the quantum Aether unit has 2-spin, subatomic particles only inhabit one fourth of the Aether, or half spin.  The “spin” of the subatomic particles is a direct result of the two frequency dimensions of the Aether.  One of the frequency dimensions manifests as forward/backward time, the other frequency dimension manifests as right/left spin direction.  (There is actually a third “static” frequency, which results in positive/negative electrostatic charge.)  Matter divides into matter and antimatter, depending on the spin direction.  For whatever reason, the primary angular momentum composing subatomic particles can only spin in one time direction.  The missing backward time direction is what gives matter its half spin appearance. 

Therefore, when half spin subatomic particles bind they are missing the backward time direction, yet the Aether sees this backward time direction.  The result is that subatomic particles do not pair exactly opposite or adjacent to each other, as square building blocks seem to do at the macro level of existence.  Instead, the subatomic particles (being curved toroidal structures to begin with), build up in a twisted pattern.  (The Fibonacci spiral and Golden Ratio arises from this exact Aether structure.)

This twisted construction affects the minor and major radii of the toroidal electrons.  As electrons bind to each other and fill the Aether spin positions around an atomic nucleus, the effect is additive. 

In the case of the electrons, the minor radius increases with the square of the number of electrons (which is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom).  Designating the number of protons as Z, the minor radius steps in decreases of half spin.

The major radius increases in steps of half spin:

The above stepping patterns are the phi and Phi numbers.  In the case of the first binding, where there are two electrons, we get:

The above numbers are the Golden Ratio and its reciprocal. 

With the increase in the number of protons in the atoms, there is an increase in the number of electrons.  The total electron radii deform accordingly.  As the minor radius shrinks and the major radius grows, there is a deformation as the Aether units stretch and thus the distance between them shrinks.  The distance empirically induces in terms of the quantum length as:

There is no electron binding in the neutral hydrogen atom because there is only one electron, but when we look at helium and all other neutral atoms, the electron binding energy equation for the 1s “orbital” electron becomes:

In the case of the neutral helium atom, we can calculate the 1s orbital electron binding energies as:

The empirically measured 1s “orbital” electron binding energy for helium is 24.6eV[vii].

7.     Lithium and All Other Binding Energies

As the bindings continue into complexity, it is clear another factor comes into play, which does not yet properly quantify.  The elements lithium through neon comprise the second orbital layer around the nucleus.  It may just be coincidence, but these eight out of the first ten elements calculate to eight tenths of their measured values.  From sodium to uranium, the calculation variations are linear with respect to the measured electron binding energies indicating a simple physical explanation.

When a linear adjustment applies to the equation, the calculations are remarkably close to the measured values:

Table 2 – Empirical and Calculated Binding Energies with Errors

8.     Conclusion

The equations do produce a good match to the empirically measured electron binding energies.  Although there is the possibility the data could be faulty, it is more likely there are aspects of the Aether structure which the equation is not yet addressing.

After providing a viable model for quantum structure along with a Unified Force Theory, the Aether Physics Model has successfully produced its first example of quantum mechanics equations.  Unlike the quantum mechanics of the mass/energy paradigm, the Aether Physics Model is discrete and devoid of probability functions and paradoxes.

The equation above may also be simplified, but it is left in its present form to remind the reader of its physical interpretation. 

References

Reference: D.J. Raymond