Quantum AetherDynamics Institute

Two Manifestations of Charge

The two types of charge recognized in the Aether Physics Model are the electrostatic charge and the electromagnetic charge.  In modern physics only one type of charge is quantified.  As a result of the two types of charges, we have successfully developed the electron binding energy equation, which accurately predicts the 1s orbital electron binding energies for all the atomic elements.  Our white paper, "A New Foundation for Physics," explains the two types of charge in greater detail.  A synopsis is given on this page.  

Also, in modern physics charge has only one dimension.  In the Aether Physics Model charge is distributed (charge squared).

The electrostatic charge is the same as elementary charge, except that it is represented as e² instead of just e.  The value of electrostatic charge in the APM is:

(1.1)

Strong nuclear charge is the product of angular momentum of a subatomic particle and the conductance of the Aether.  

(1.2)

(1.3)

Strong charge, (or electromagnetic charge) is written as e_emax² for the electron, e_pmax² for the proton and e_nmax² for the neutron.  Unlike the electrostatic charge, which is the same for both the electron and proton, the strong charge is different for each onn (subatomic particle) and is directly proportional to the onn's mass.

The angular momentum of an electron is represented as Planck's constant:

(1.4)

The conductance of the Aether is:

(1.5)

The proportion of electrostatic charge to strong charge is equal to 8p times the fine structure of the onn.

(1.6)

The significance of this proportion is that it represents the "weak nuclear force" of the particle.  Each particle has its own "weak nuclear force".

(1.7)

(1.8)

Equations 1.6 through 1.8 represent the unified charge equations for each onn.  Taken together these equations are the basis for a mathematically correct Unified Force Theory.  Electrostatic charge has one spin and is spherical, while electromagnetic charge has half spin and has steradian geometry.

The unified charge equations dictate a general geometry for the subatomic particles.

Figure 1 Subatomic Particle Geometry

The above graphic illustrates the two charges as they are related to each other and shows the proportion of their surfaces.  

Electrostatic charge has the geometry of a sphere (small sphere in center of Figure 1) while the strong charge has the geometry of a toroid.  Since strong charge belongs to the half spin subatomic particle, strong charge must multiply by two to be equal in spin to one spin electrostatic charge.  And since electrostatic charge has a solid angle of one (spherical) electromagnetic charge must multiply by 4p to be equal in geometry.  This is the meaning of the 8p geometrical constant, which also occurs in Einstein's simplified field equation for General Relativity.

The proportion of the electrostatic charge sphere (small sphere in center) to the electromagnetic charge sphere (large gray sphere) is alpha, the Fine Structure constant.  The fine structure constant is the proportion of the one spin electrostatic sphere to the equivalent strong charge one spin sphere.   

Fine Structure of the Proton and Neutron

From equation (1.6) the fine structure of the proton and neutron can also be determined.  First the equation is solved for alpha:

(1.9)

Substituting e_pmax2 for e_emax2 we get the values for the fine structure of the proton (p) and neutron (n).

(1.10)

(1.11)

The neutron has a fine structure constant just as the proton and electron do even though the charge is neutral.  The point is, even though the charge is neutral, it still has an electrostatic charge based on a proton that has bound to an electron.  Whether the charge is positive, negative or neutral does not change the nature of the electrostatic charge.

(1.12)

(1.13)

Strong Nuclear Force

The mechanics of strong charge can be carried over to the proton and neutron. 

Planck's constant is the angular momentum of an electron.  Similar constants can be derived for the neutron and proton.  In the case of the proton the angular momentum is:

(1.14)

where h_p is equal to the angular momentum of the proton, m_p is the mass of the proton, c is the speed of light and is the Compton wavelength.  Similarly, the angular momentum of the neutron is:

(1.15)

where h_n denotes the angular momentum of the neutron and m_n is the mass of the neutron.  The values of these angular momenta are:

(1.16)

(1.17)

The reader will note that the above values for proton and neutron angular momentum differ from the values given by NIST (interestingly, NIST has subsequently deleted values of the proton and neutron angular momenta from their web site).  This is one of a few units the Aether Physics Model disagrees with the Standard Model over. 

The rationale for using the above units for proton and neutron angular momentum is that the Aether appears to have just one quantum length and just one quantum frequency.  The masses of the proton and neutron as given by NIST are not disputed. 

When calculating the maximum charge for the proton and neutron in terms of elementary charge as in equation (1.5) we obtain the following values:

e_pmax = (1.18)

e_nmax = (1.19)

Both (1.18) and (1.19) result in the relative value of the "strong nuclear force" compared to the elementary charge.  In 1994, Robert Mills published "Space Time and Quanta - an introduction to contemporary physics" in which he suggests the strong nuclear force is an electromagnetic force.  Equations (1.18) and (1.19) offer evidence to support his theory.  A brief overview of this theory can be found at PHYSICS MYSTERIES EXPLAINED PART III.

All of the above concepts concerning charge are explained in greater detail and with more visual aids in our book, "Secrets of the Aether."