Text: Conclusions: · COP > 1.0 and COP = ¥ electrical power systems are perfectly permissible by the laws of thermodynamics and physics; as witness the existence of solar cells with COP = ¥. · Rigorous proof is given by the Aharonov-Bohm effect itself {2}, gauge freedom, the solar cell, Bohren¹s experiment {23}, and several other experimental entities such as the patented MEG. Bedini {24}, e.g., has viable, proven processes for producing COP > 1.0 in battery-powered systems, and for regauging batteries {25} and charging them with more energy than is furnished by the operator alone (the excess energy comes from free regauging). · Overunity and self-powering electrical power systems cleanly taking their energy from the local vacuum can be developed any time the U.S. scientific community will permit it and allow it to be funded. The naïve objection of ³perpetual motion machines being prohibited because they would be working systems with no energy input² is utter nonsense, as is easily demonstrated {26}. Every windmill, waterwheel, sailboat, and solar cell demonstrates that, if the energy input is continuously and freely received from the environment, continuous external work can freely be done indefinitely. Every motion also demonstrates Newton¹s first law: an object placed in a state of motion remains in that state of uniform (perpetual) motion so long as an external force does not intervene to change it. It does not receive any additional energy to do so, nor does it perform any external work in so doing. Even an electrical current in a shorted superconducting circuit will circulate indefinitely (perpetually) without any additional input and without doing any work {27}. Experimental proof of it is part of the standard physics literature. Outlook and Forecast (the author¹s opinion): · The blame for the terribly fragile and highly vulnerable present power system and power grid monstrosity lies squarely upon the shoulders of the scientific community, since the discovery and proof of broken symmetry in 1957 {28}. · From our direct experience with several legitimate COP > 1.0 EM systems, we are of the opinion that the scientific community will uphold its present dogma, its present severely limited and flawed electrical engineering model, and its present slavish attachment to fuel cells, big nuclear power plants, hydrocarbon combustion, etc. · Not only will the present scientific and electrical engineering communities fiddle while Rome burns, but they will help burn it. The only way that will change is for a huge boot to be applied‹such as the economic collapse of the United States. · The scientific community has always been this way, in its fierce resistance to really innovative developments. A few examples are as follows: The scientific community: o Fiercely resisted ultrawideband radar, slandering and libeling its pioneers. o Resisted Mayer¹s original statement of energy conservation; hounded him so much that he attempted suicide and was institutionalized. o Laughed and slandered Ovshinsky on his ³insane² amorphous semi-conductor. ³Everybody knew² a semiconductor had to have a crystalline structure. The Japanese who funded Ovshinsky are still laughing all the way to the bank. o Made Wegener¹s name a synonym for ³utter fool² because of his continental drift theory. Why, imagine continents floating and moving! Insane!² o Refused to accept the Aharonov-Bohm effect for 25 years (as pointed out by Feynman). Prior to the MEG, the AB effect appears never to have been applied for COP > 1.0 from ³two-energy reservoir² electrical power systems. o Uses an EE model that assumes every EM field, EM potential, and joule of EM energy in the universe has been freely created from nothing, by their associated source charges without any energy input. Even very few EE professors are aware of that terrible faux pas of their model. It is not pointed out in any EE textbook, to our knowledge. o Uses an EE model that assumes the material ether, a flat spacetime, an inert vacuum, and creation from nothing of all EM fields and potentials‹all long falsified in physics. These flaws are not pointed out in any EE text or department to our knowledge, and indeed they are hidden from the students. o Ubiquitously uses the closed current loop circuit in power systems, dooming them to COP 1.0 EM power systems. They must compete for available funding attached to research packages that come down from on high, with the research already specified. Any professor who really rocks the boat will be either parked or destroyed, as will any grad student or post doc. Science is controlled by controlling its funding. Since its funding is already controlled, our science is already muzzled and constrained with respect to energy research and development. · Hence, based on his available scientific advice, a Presidential decision was made to (i) allow updating old power plants without additional pollution controls, (ii) go for drilling wherever oil is to be found, (iii) massively increase the grid and the number of power plants, (iv) go for fuel cells as an intended answer to the transport problem, etc. Given the scientific advice he receives, the President sees no other choice available. That is sad, because the ³energy from the vacuum² choice is available, particularly with accelerated development and funding. · As an example from the standard physics literature, the Bohren-type experiment {23} in ³negative resonance absorption of the medium² outputs some 18 times as much energy as one inputs in one¹s accounted Poynting energy input. Poynting¹s energy flow theory {29} does not account for a huge Heaviside nondiverged energy flow component (30) that is often a trillion times greater than the accounted Poynting component. Lorentz arbitrarily discarded the Heaviside nondiverged component circa the 1890s {31}, and EEs continue to blindly discard it and ignore it {32}. References: 1. Stephen L. Patrick, Thomas E. Bearden, James C. Hayes, Kenneth D. Moore, and James L. Kenny, "Motionless Electromagnetic Generator," U.S. Patent # 6,362,718, Mar. 26, 2002. 2. (a) Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, ³Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory,² Phys. Rev., Second Series, 115(3), 1959, p. 485-491; (b) ‹ ³Further considerations on electromagnetic potentials in the quantum theory,² Phys. Rev., 123(4), Aug. 15, 1961, p. 1511-1524. A good technical exposition of the Aharonov-Bohm effect and its topology is given by (c) Terence W. Barrett, "Topological Approaches to Electromagnetism, Part V. Aharonov-Bohm Effect," Modern Nonlinear Optics, Second Edition, Myron W. Evans, Ed., Wiley, New York, 2001, p. 722-733. 3. (a) M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "Classical Electrodynamics Without the Lorentz Condition: Extracting Energy from the Vacuum," Physica Scripta 61(5), May 2000, p. 513-517; (b) ‹ "Explanation of the Motionless Electromagnetic Generator with O(3) Electrodynamics," Found. Phys. Lett., 14(1), Feb. 2001, p. 87-94; (c) ‹ "Explanation of the Motionless Electromagnetic Generator by Sachs's Theory of Electrodynamics," Found. Phys. Lett., 14(4), 2001, p. 387-393. See also (d) M. W. Evans, T. E. Bearden, and A. Labounsky, "The Most General Form of the Vector Potential in Electrodynamics," Found. Phys. Lett., 15(3), June 2002, p. 245-261. 4. (a) T. E. Bearden, "Extracting and Using Electromagnetic Energy from the Active Vacuum," in M. W. Evans (ed.), Modern Nonlinear Optics, Second Edition, 3 vols., Wiley, 2001, Vol. 2, p. 639-698; (b) ‹ "Energy from the Active Vacuum: The Motionless Electromagnetic Generator," in M. W. Evans (Ed.), Modern Nonlinear Optics, Second Edition, 3-vols., Wiley, 2001, Vol. 2, p. 699-776; (c) ‹ Energy from the Vacuum: Concepts and Principles, Cheniere Press, Santa Barbara, CA, 2002, Chapter 7: ³Aharonov-Bohm Effect, Geometric Phase, and the Motionless Electromagnetic Generator². 5. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., ³Runaway Solutions of the Lehnert Equations: The Possibility of Extracting Energy from the Vacuum,² Optik, 111(9), 2000, p. 407-409. 6. To see how Maxwell¹s equations are conventionally regauged symmetrically, see J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Wylie, New York, Third Edition, 1999, p. 240-246. 7. For a discussion of asymmetrical regauging, see M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., ³Some Notes on ŒAsymmetric Regauging¹,² J. New Energy 4(3), Winter 1999, p. 325-326. 8. For a discussion on symmetrical regauging, see Jackson, 1999, ibid. 9. T. E. Bearden, ³Motionless Electromagnetic Generator: Production of an Additional Energy Reservoir Freely Furnishing Extra EM Energy Input to the System from Its External Environment,² 10 June 2003 (in press). 10. M. W. Berry, "Quantal phase factors accompanying adiabatic changes," Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Vol. A392, 1984, p. 45-57. 11. Y. Aharonov and J. Anandan, "Phase Change During a Cyclic Quantum Evolution," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 58, 1987, p. 1593-1596. 12. Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, Vol. II, 1964, p. 1-3. 13. J. D. Jackson, ibid., p. 558. 14. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd Edn., Wylie, 1975, p. 223. 15. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., ³The Aharonov-Bohm Effect as the Basis of Electromagnetic Energy Inherent in the Vacuum,² Found. Phys. Lett. 15(6), Dec. 2002, p. 561-568. 16. See R. Podolny, Something Called Nothing: Physical Vacuum: What Is It?, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1986, p. 181. In mass units, the energy density of the virtual particle flux of vacuum is on the order of 1080 grams per cubic centimeter. To express it in joules per cubic centimeter, it is (c2)(1080). 17. See T. E. Bearden, Fact Sheet: ³Supersystem and Engines: Understanding Energetics,² Aug. 25, 2003. 18. Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley, New York, 1998, reprinted with corrections 1999, p. 459. On the same page, several areas that are known to violate present thermodynamics are given. 19. William C. Reynolds, Thermodynamics, 2nd Edn., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968, p. 250-252 gives an analysis of the Carnot heat pump. 20. See Robert H. Romer, "Heat is not a noun," Am. J. Phys., 69(2), Feb. 2001, p. 107-109. Heat is not a substance, not a thermodynamic function of state, and should not be used as a noun, unless one risks falling into error. AJP Editor Romer also exposes another serious EM error: In endnote 24, p. 109, he takes to task "Šthat dreadful diagram purporting to show the electric and magnetic fields of a plane wave, as a function of position (and/or time?) that besmirch the pages of almost every introductory book. Šit is a horrible diagram. 'Misleading' would be too kind a word; 'wrong' is more accurate." "Šperhaps then, for historical interest, [we should] find out how that diagram came to contaminate our literature in the first place." As the reader can see, many physics professors and journal editors are quite aware of numerous foundations errors in present science. 21. Kondepudi and Prigogine, ibid. 22. (a) See particularly D. J. Evans and Lamberto Rondoni, "Comments on the Entropy of Nonequilibrium Steady States," J. Stat. Phys., 109(3-4), Nov. 2002, p. 895-920. In theory a proper NESS system can produce continuous negative entropy. Evans and Rondoni were so shocked at their own theoretical results, that they felt no physical system could exhibit such a negative entropy, continually decreasing toward negative infinity as time passes. However, every charge does this already; see (b) T. E. Bearden, Fact Sheet, ³The Source Charge Problem: Its Solution and Implications,² Aug. 18, 2003; (c) ‹ Fact Sheet, ³Leyton¹s Hierarchies of Symmetry: Solution to the Major Asymmetry Problem of Thermodynamics,² Aug. 22, 2003. The MEG as a NESS system appears to be a prototype macroscopic power system that exhibits such permissible continuous production of negative entropy. 23. (a) Craig F. Bohren, "How can a particle absorb more than the light incident on it?" Am. J. Phys., 51(4), Apr. 1983, p. 323-327. Under nonlinear conditions, a particle can absorb more energy than is in the light incident on it. Metallic particles at ultraviolet frequencies are one class of such particles and insulating particles at infrared frequencies are another. See also (a) H. Paul and R. Fischer, {Comment on ³How can a particle absorb more than the light incident on it?¹},² Am. J. Phys., 51(4), Apr. 1983, p. 327. The Bohren experiment is repeatable and produces COP = 18. 24. See T. E. Bearden, "Bedini's Method For Forming Negative Resistors In Batteries," Proc. Cong. 2000, St. Petersburg, Russia, Vol. 1, July 2000, p. 24-38. Also published in J. New Energy, 5(1), Summer 2000, p. 24-38. Also carried on restricted DoE website http://www.ott.doe.gov/electromagnetic/ and on http://www.cheniere.org. 25. (a) John C. Bedini, ³Device and Method for Pulse Charging a Battery and for Driving other Devices with a Pulse,² U. S. Patent #2003/0117111 A1, June 26, 2003. For another legitimate overunity Bedini process, see (b) John C. Bedini, ³Device and Method of a Back EMF Permanent Electromagnetic Motor Generator,² U.S. Patent # 6,392,370, May 21, 2002. 26. See Fact Sheet, T. E. Bearden, ³Perpetual motion vs. ŒPerpetual Working Machines Creating Energy from Nothing¹,² Aug. 21, 2003 for a rigorous discussion of perpetual motion (which is just Newton¹s First Law), and how it differs from purported machines that create energy from nothing. Oddly, the greatest‹though totally unwitting‹proponents of energy creation from nothing, in all human history, are the electrical engineering departments, professors, textbooks, and engineers. Their standard electromagnetics model assumes that all EM fields and potentials and their energy are freely created out of nothing, by the associated source charges without any energy input at all. So they unwittingly assume that every joule of EM energy in the universe has been and is created from nothing. This is the unwitting ansatz that has given us COP >1.0. The Heaviside component usually has little or no effect because it is in vector curl form, and the divergence of the curl is zero‹in a flat spacetime. The usual power application is in an approximately flat spacetime, so the Heaviside curled flow component is of little physical significance (using Lorentz¹s original argument). However, by deliberately curving the local spacetime (e.g., as in Bohren¹s experiment and in the negative resonance absorption of the medium), the divergence of the curl is not zero, and additional energy is freely collected from the neglected Heaviside component. Bohren¹s straightforward experiment yields COP = 18. The simple funding of a few doctoral theses and post-doctoral physics projects in this area for three years or so would very quickly solve the energy crisis forever, very cheaply. All EM power systems already exhibit COP >>1.0, if their arbitrarily discarded Heaviside energy flow component is accounted and if it were deliberately used as an extra huge environmental energy reservoir from which copious extra EM energy were freely extracted. E.g., if a present coal-burning plant were modified with a Bohren-process so that it ³amplified² the heat input of the combustion process by a factor of 10, then only 10% of the present coal would have to be burned in that modified plant to produce its same electrical power output. The beneficial impact on the environment would be incalculable, and with less coal burned, additional pollution-reducing methods could be afforded and applied. No one in DoE, any other federal agency, the National Academy of Sciences, the National Science Foundation, DARPA, the national laboratories, or our universities has even considered it‹or apparently even thought of it. Research: http://www.cheniere.org/ From recent Patent Updates: Motionless Electromagnetic Generator Source: http://v3.espacenet.com/textdes?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2004057255&QPN=US2004057255 US Constitution: http://www.cheniere.org/misc/USConstitution.htm#patents Book Review: http://www.cheniere.org/books/efv/BookReview.pdf Student Discount: http://www.cheniere.org/sales/discounts-for-students.htm Bearden on Perpetual Motion: http://www.cheniere.org/techpapers/Fact_Sheets/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Perpetual%20motion7.doc Electrical Power Systems taking Energy From the Vacuum: http://www.cheniere.org/techpapers/Fact_Sheets/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Overunity%20EM%20power%20systems7.doc Bedini's discovery: http://www.cheniere.org/patent%20application/update1.htm Mind Operations Occur in 4-Space: http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/032504.htm

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