Text: Source: http://www.cheniere.org/techpapers/Fact_Sheets/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20MEG%20-%20How%20it%20works1.doc http://jnaudin.free.fr/meg/meg.htm The Motionless Electromagnetic Generator: How It Works. T. E. Bearden, August 26, 2003 The Problem: Detail the functioning of the motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG) {1} and why its COP > 1.0 operation is permissible. The solution: We explain: * The overwhelming importance of the magnetic vector potential, particularly when one looks through quantum electrodynamic ³eyes² and in various gauges. * The Aharonov-Bohm mechanism {2} utilized by the MEG {3,4,5}. * Why the potential energy of any EM system (such as the MEG) can be freely changed at will, and for free, in accord with the gauge freedom principle {6}. * The difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical regauging {7,8}. * Why a nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) system freely receiving energy from its environment can exhibit COP > 1.0. * The direct analogy between the MEG and a common COP = 3.0 heat pump {9}. Discussion 1: Potentials are real and force fields are derived. * The old notion that potentials were merely mathematical conveniences has long been falsified, particularly by the Aharonov-Bohm effect {2}, extended to the Berry phase {10}, and further extended to the geometric phase {11}. There are some 20,000 physics papers on geometric phase, Berry phase, and Aharonov-Bohm effect. * In quantum electrodynamics, potentials are primary and force fields are derived. * The force fields only exist in mass, and are the effects of the interaction of the ³force-free fields² in space that exist as curvatures of spacetime. There are no force fields in space; there are only gradients of potentials. Spacetime itself is an intense potential. Quoting Feynman {12}: "We may think of E(x, y, z, t) and B(x, y, z, t) as giving the forces that would be experienced at the time t by a charge located at (x, y, z), with the condition that placing the charge there did not disturb the positions or motion of all the other charges responsible for the fields." * The distinction between E-field and B-field is blurred. As Jackson {13} points out: "ŠE and B have no independent existence. A purely electromagnetic field in one coordinate system will appear as a mixture of electric and magnetic fields in another coordinate frame. Š the fields are completely interrelated, and one should properly speak of the electromagnetic field Fab, rather than E or B separately." · In other words, one can have a magnetic component and at least partially turn it into an electric component, or vice versa. This is important to the MEG¹s operation. · Jackson {14} also points out that, for the Coulomb or transverse gauge: "...transverse radiation fields are given by the vector potential alone, the instantaneous Coulomb potential contributing only to the near fields. This gauge is particularly useful in quantum electrodynamics. A quantum-mechanical description of photons necessitates quantization of only the vector potential. Š[In the Coulomb gauge] the scalar potential 'propagates' instantly everywhere in space. The vector potential, on the other hand, satisfies the wave equation ... with its implied finite speed of propagation c." · Thus it is of primary importance to consider both the scalar potential f and the vector potential A in a system or circuit, and in its surrounding space. In the MEG, one must particularly consider the magnetic vector potential A. · Indeed, the magnetic vector potential A is so important that it can be taken as the basis of EM energy inherent in the active vacuum {15}. · Magnetic vector potential A comes in two varieties: (i) the normal A-potential, which has a curl component called the B-field, and (ii) a curl-free A-potential without a curl component and therefore without the B-field (also called a ³field-free² A-potential). Discussion 2: The Aharonov-Bohm effect. · In the Aharonov-Bohm effect {2}, the B-field is localized in a specific region. Outside that region, there freely appears a field-free (curl-free) magnetic vector potential A. This is a free regauging process, and its occurrence does not require work. · This ³field-free² A-potential still affects and moves electrons. The difficulty in believing the physical reality of the potentials required 25 years for physicists to overcome before they would accept the publication of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in 1959 {2a}. · By perturbing the A, one can produce an E-field from it by E = - ¶A/¶t. · It is stressed that, in the AB effect, a regauging has taken place. The potential outside the localization zone has been freely changed, with an extra spacetime curvature and extra energy transferred there by gauge freedom, at no cost to the operator. Discussion 3: Engines, gauge freedom, and regauging. * The vacuum (spacetime) is extraordinarily energetic. For practical purposes, it contains unlimited energy density {16}. Since the vacuum/spacetime contains energy and energy density, it is therefore an extraordinarily powerful potential‹essentially infinite in its point intensity. * A ³curvature of spacetime² is identically a change in the ambient vacuum potential, and hence in the ³available² vacuum energy. ³Energy available² means that, to use it, there must exist a potential difference and gradient between two separated points‹and thus an energy current (a ³free EM wind², so to speak). Thus a dipolarity (polarization) is required, to produce a vacuum form or ³engine² that will interact on mass to produce a force, by a constant ³wind of vacuum energy² acting upon it. * An engine {17} is defined as a set of spacetime curvatures and vacuum flux exchanges‹and their dynamics‹which can act upon the elements of a mass system to generate its state and its dynamics. The simplest engine is a gradient in the potential. Also, an engine is a set of controlled and dynamic ³EM energy currents². * An engine is also referred to as a vacuum engine or a spacetime curvature engine. o The engine exists in spacetime as curvature(s) of spacetime, whether or not it is interacting with mass. o The engine itself is nonobservable; its interacting with mass is observable. o The engine may move or be moved through spacetime independently of interacting with matter. It is pure energy transfer, and it is work-free. * A force is just the coupling of the simplest engine to mass, with mass-translating orientation. Unless both the engine and mass are present and dynamically coupled, there is no force. We strongly note that mass is a component of force, by F º ¶/¶t(mv), and classical mechanics errs in assuming a separate massless force operating upon a separate mass. That notion remains one of the great errors in modern physics. * When a force F translates through a distance, that is the classical notion of external mechanical work W, by the equation W = ò F·dl. Note that‹classically‹mass has been moved, and the ³system² engine has performed ³external² work on the mass. * ³Stress² on a mass or in a system is the simultaneous application of two or more engines working on the mass or system in such manner that all translation vectors sum to zero vectorially. Hence no external work is done, but internal work is done on the system to produce and continuously maintain this stress with zero translation. * Work is not the change of magnitude of energy in a single form! It is the change of form of energy, from one form to another. * Thus there is a century-old error in the present First Law of thermodynamics: Any change of magnitude of an external parameter (such as the field or potential of a system) has been erroneously defined as work. It is not work if the extra energy is input in the same form. In that case it is asymmetric regauging, and involves only energy transfer without change of form, which requires no work. Regauging is free, by the gauge freedom axiom. The present form of the First Law would rule out gauge freedom‹a fact which seems not to have been previously noticed. * The supersystem {17} consists of the physical mass system together with its ³engines² and all the ongoing mutual interactions. Hence supersystem dynamics is analyzed simultaneously between (i) the physical system, (ii) the local active curvatures of spacetime, and (iii) the local active vacuum. All three components of the supersystem continually interact with each other. Discussion 4: Nonequilibrum steady state (NESS) systems can permissibly exhibit COP > 1.0 and even COP = ¥. * A system far from equilibrium in its energy exchange with its environment can steadily and freely receive environmental energy and dissipate it in external loads, exhibiting COP > 1.0 (as does a heat pump) or COP = ¥ (as do the solar cell, windmill, waterwheel, sailboat, etc.). * However, Lorentz symmetrical regauging selects only those Maxwellian systems in net equilibrium with their external vacuum environment. Symmetrical regauging systems can only use their excess free regauging energy from the vacuum to do internal work on the system, changing the stress on or in the system, with the dissipated energy then being returned from the stressing action to the vacuum. Such systems cannot use their excess vacuum energy to do free external work on the load. * The standard Lorentz regauging of Maxwell¹s equations thus arbitrarily discards all Maxwellian NESS systems using vacuum energy to do useful external work. * In electrical power systems, the ubiquitous use of the closed current loop circuit self-enforces Lorentz symmetrical regauging. That is totally arbitrary, but unrecognized. * The present-day absence of COP > 1.0 normal electrical power systems, doing external work and freely taking all their input energy from the local vacuum and spacetime curvature, is strictly due to the archaic electrical engineering model and the prevailing use of the closed current loop circuit. * Electrical power engineers easily adapt for a COP = ¥ system such as a solar cell, utilizing energy from its observably active environment. They will not even go and learn (and adapt their archaic model) to properly utilize every system¹s nonobservable active vacuum environment for energy to do external work. Instead, they will unwittingly only allow the active vacuum to produce stress in the system, by using only self-symmetrically-regauging systems (the closed current loop circuit). * For a COP > 1.0 or COP = ¥ electrical power system‹taking some or all of its input energy freely from its active external (vacuum) environment, analogous to a home heat pump‹the system must violate the closed current loop condition (symmetrical regauging) for at least a significant fraction of the operational cycle of the system. In simple terms, the system must be open to receiving and transducing translational energy from its external environment‹in this case, the active vacuum‹rather than just stressing energy. * There also emerge additional flaws in classical thermodynamics, including in its fundamental definitions: o An ³open² system is defined as one that has mass transfer across its borders (and may have energy transfer as well). o A ³closed² system is defined as one that has no mass transfer across its borders, but may have energy transfer across them. Since the early 1900¹s, mass and energy are known to be identically the same thing, called ³mass-energy². Hence any ³closed² system that has energy transfer also has its mass changed, and actually is an ³open² system. o An ³isolated² system is defined as one in which no energy or mass is exchanged across its boundary. There exists no such system in the entire universe, due to the universal exchange of energy and mass between vacuum and system. o The ubiquitous energetic exchange‹between vacuum (and curved spacetime) and the system‹does not appear in classical thermodynamics. Yet there is no final conservation of energy unless both the virtual and observable state energy exchanges are considered in one¹s analysis. o In the presence of opposite charges and their broken symmetry, much of the virtual vacuum energy absorbed in a dipolar system becomes observable energy in the system. For that reason, the present classical thermodynamics rules are approximations, useful in a great many cases but not absolute. As Kondepudi and Prigogine point out {18}: ³Šthere is no final formulation of science; this also applies to thermodynamics.² Discussion 5: Operation of a home heat pump . · Efficiency x of an energy or power unit is defined as the total useful energy or external work output of the system, divided by its total energy input from all sources. It is commonly expressed as a percentage. · The home heat pump {19} may have a nominal efficiency x of x = 50%, which means it wastes half of the total energy input to it from all sources. · In addition to the operator¹s electrical input (which he pays for), the heat pump also utilizes some extra heat energy received from the environment {20}. Thus there are two energy inputs: (i) the electrical energy input paid for by the operator, and (ii) the free environmental energy input furnished by the external atmosphere and processed a bit by compressing, etc. at very low cost. · The home heat pump thus has two ³energy reservoirs²: (i) the electrical energy reservoir furnished by the operator and paid for by him, and (ii) the atmospheric heat energy reservoir furnished freely by the atmosphere. · Coefficient of performance (COP) is defined as the total useful energy or work output of the system, divided by the operator¹s energy input only. It is stated as a decimal, and measures how much ³bang for his buck² the system gives the operator. · Operating in good conditions, a home heat pump of efficiency x = 50% will exhibit a COP = 3.0 to 4.0. The maximum theoretical COP = 8.0 or so. Note that energy is conserved, and all energy output as work is indeed input to the system. No energy is ³created out of nothing². However, the operator only inputs a fraction of the total input required, and the environment freely inputs the rest. The system permissibly outputs 3 to 4 times the useful energy and work as the energy furnished by the operator alone. The excess energy is freely input by the external environment. · By ³overunity power system² we refer to a COP > 1.0, which is permitted by the laws of physics and thermodynamics for NESS systems such as the heat pump. We do not refer to x > 100%, which would require creation of energy from nothing at all. Discussion 5: Operation of the MEG, analogous to a heat pump. · The MEG resembles a transformer, having a core of special nanocrystalline material, input coil or coils in the primary, and output coil or coils in the secondary. Its operation, however, is quite different from that of a normal transformer. · The special nanocrystalline core material used in the MEG has a very special characteristic: The material itself freely localizes an inserted B-field (from the input coil, or from a separate permanent magnet, or both) within the core material itself. Therefore it also freely evokes the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect. · Outside the core, there freely appears an extra curl-free magnetic vector potential A. · The MEG thus has two energy reservoirs: (i) the normal B-field energy and flux of any transformer resulting from the energy input to its primary coil(s), but now totally localized within the core material, and (ii) an extra free A-potential energy reservoir freely appearing just outside the core material itself. · Consequently, the MEG is free to output the normal amount of energy from the B-field flux that a normal transformer would output, and also as much extra energy as it receives and collects from the A-potential in space outside the core. · The MEG thus has become directly analogous to the heat pump. It has one energy reservoir‹the localized B-field in the core‹whose energy the operator must furnish and pay for. But it also has a second, free, environmental energy reservoir‹a curl-free A-potential‹freely available in the external environment. · Accordingly, for COP > 1.0 operation, the MEG must ³process² the available A-potential reservoir energy into usable form, and use it to help power its load. · By inputting nearly rectangular pulses to the input coil, the rise time and decay time of each pulse edge produces a resulting sharp change in the external A-potential, producing an E-field by the equation E = - ¶A/¶t. Note particularly that, by adjusting the input pulse rise time and decay time, we can adjust the magnitude of the extra E-fields freely produced in space just outside the core, and this effect is easily measured. · We strongly stress that sharp gradients‹such as used for leading and trailing edges of the input pulses to the MEG, with resulting sharp field gradients in the core materials and in the uncurled A-potential‹are already recognized to permissibly violate the second law of thermodynamics {21}. · By adjusting the magnitude of the E-fields outside the MEG core and their frequency (and therefore the energy received from them), one can adjust the available converted E-field energy in the free external reservoir, and thus adjust how much of it is then collected by the MEG. · This free E-field energy impinges directly upon the MEG¹s ³output² coil, which now also serves as an input coil. Almost all the B-field produced by the output coil is localized in the core material running through it and held therein. · The E-field energy from space outside the core thus activates the output coil in almost a purely electric field manner, rather than in a mostly magnetic field manner. The MEG becomes almost a purely ³electrical² transformer! · The output current from the coil is almost in phase with the output voltage (within about 2 degrees). Hence the MEG is almost completely using its induced Aharonov-Bohm effect for its energy input‹very different from any other power system transformer. · Due to its ³heat pump² type operation, the MEG becomes a NESS system, freely receiving excess energy from its second (environmental) energy reservoir that is furnished ³for free² by the Aharonov-Bohm effect. · Accordingly, as a NESS system {22} the MEG can permissibly exhibit COP > 1.0. For the MEG, a COP = 3.0 or so is readily achievable, and even higher COP can be achieved by special measures. · However, one notes the MEG¹s high nonlinearity, and thus its susceptibility to nonlinear oscillations and the need for nonlinear control theory and implementation. Also, the ¶A/¶t operation and its E-fields produced, do interact with other coils on the core, including the primary, etc. Hence timing and phasing are critical. An out-of-phase MEG-like unit can worsen the COP 1.0. Scale-up also is highly nonlinear, and requires extensive phenomenology buildups and testing to achieve proper stability and control. · COP = ¥ (self-powering operation similar to a solar cell) is permitted for the MEG (as a NESS system) by the laws of thermodynamics and physics. However, with scale-up phenomenology, materials variations, and the high nonlinearity of the situation, at least one year¹s hard work by a team of multiple specialists in geometric phase, nonlinear oscillation theory, nonlinear oscillations control theory, etc. is needed, and modeling must be done in a higher group symmetry electrodynamics. It is certainly doable (just as a home heat pump can be ³close looped² for self-powering operation). But it is not a trivial little conventional EM transformer task. It is not simple, and it is not cheap. · The end result is that we have a successful proof-of-principle MEG experimental device, and a patent has been granted, with additional patent work continuing. But we still have an expensive year or more of complex and specialized lab work before we have prototype scaled-up robust power units ready for mass production and world marketing. We are presently seeking the major funding for that completion.

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