Text: Mechanisms of Action and Influencing Factors Colloids in suspension determine the ability of all liquids particularly water-based liquids to carry material. This also applies to semi-solids and solids but liquid is the focus of this paper. The ability to carry material or a carrying capacity of a liquid is influenced by composition, surface tension, centrifugal and centripetal motion, polarized light and magnetic fields. Basic Elemental Composition All elements, except the noble gases with no valence, are either Electro-positive or Electro-negative. The relative quantity of positive and negative charge in a liquid determines carrying capacity. Electro-positive ions decrease carrying capacity while Electro-negative ions increase it. Elements with only one positive or one negative ion have little effect on suspensions. Elements with two positive or two negative ions (divalent) such as magnesium and beryllium (+2) or oxygen and selenium (­2) have 3,000 times more effect on carrying capacity than elements with single ions. Elements with a valiance of three, such as iron and aluminum (+3), nitrogen, and phosphorus (­3) have 6,000 times more effect on carrying capacity than an element with a single positive or negative ion. It follows that the addition of a very small amount of an element with three positives or three negative ions (trivalent) can have a massive effect upon carrying capacity particularly near the phase change point. Surface Tension Surface tension is a measure of the adherence of a material to itself, the tenacity with which it resists expansion and the attraction between molecules. In water, the mechanism allows a needle to float on top or an insect to walk across it. Some general rules are: if carrying capacity increases, surface tension decreases; if carrying capacity decreases, surface tension increases. Surface tension and particle charge are most easily understood if we think of positive charges and increased surface tension as binding together or concentrating and negative charges and decreased surface tension as expanding or dissipating. The greater the surface tension and the lower the Electro-negative charge, the more any material, such as water, will bind together and coagulate or concentrate. Adding a surfactant (a surface-active agent) such as detergent can decrease surface tension, but this will not increase carrying capacity unless it changes the basic colloidal chemistry of the liquid by adding a material with negative ions. Surface tension and Zeta potential are not strictly related. In addition, a surfactant can decrease surface tension (good) but also move Zeta potential to a lower Electro-negative number. In many cases in aqueous solutions, increases in the Electro-negative charge, i.e. Zeta Potential will decrease surface tension. Other Variables Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism Oxygen is highly paramagnetic; (attracted to a magnetic field, but not magnetized). Hydrogen is highly diamagnetic; (repelled from a magnetic field but not magnetized). Under normal circumstance, these are such weak forces that they are not considered significant. In vortex flow, they have a more significant effect. When passed through a strong magnetic field, oxygen molecules tend to be attracted towards the field and hydrogen molecules repulsed from the field. Water is one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. The two atoms of hydrogen make it diamagnetic. Water has two single plus ions from hydrogen and one divalent negative ion from oxygen (­2). The divalent Oxygen has 3,000 times the effect on carrying capacity and Electro-negativity as the single plus charges of hydrogen ion; thus, water has a slight Electro-negative charge. Mini-Vortices ‹ The bubbling air into water and turbulence create multiple mini-vortices. This has a direct influence upon the carrying capacity of a liquid. Generally, bubbling air introduced under the water surface will decrease surface tension depending on the direction of rotation. Substances in Colloidal Suspension Substances in colloidal suspensions, even in quantities far above the recognized lethal level, have few toxic effects. Fish, for example, will survive and thrive in water with six times the lethal concentration of lead, arsenic, and many other substances considered toxic if the water has the right charge and the material is in colloidal form. In non-colloid form, fish death is rapid at far lower concentrations. The reason is beyond the scope of this paper but living systems can take what is needed from colloids and pass the rest with little harm. If surface charge and carrying capacity are degraded, colloids begin to clump together into larger and larger (although still microscopic) particles. The electrical charge is a function of the total surface area of the particles. A one-inch metal cube has a surface area of 6 square inches. Divide it into small colloids and the area increases to over 5 million square inches each with a small electrical charge. Reduction in the surface charge first causes gentle settling of small particles, as colloids lose enough charge to clump and settle out of the liquid. The heavy metals generally come out first and symptoms of heavy metal poisoning may appear. As surface area and charge decrease, the larger particles bind to receptors, preventing chemical release at the synapse, which may be disguised as mental, emotional or physical problems. The process is little different from scale forming in pipe. Arterial sclerosis is another example. As the carrying charge of the blood is reduced, material deposits on the artery walls, just as scale does on the pipe. Obviously, lead, arsenic, cadmium or other trace, heavy metals in a living system react the same. As the electrical charge drops, they are no longer colloids, settle out and clump at receptors. Reduction of the carrying charge now appears as lead or other heavy metal poisoning. Lead poisoning or other heavy metal poisoning is an effect not the cause. The cause is the reduction in carrying charge. The amount of lead may be the same over the whole life span and may not manifest itself until other factors reduce the total system charge. Children are particularly susceptible to such poisoning. The primary cause may be early vaccination (aluminum stabilizers used in vaccines) coupled with reduced carrying capacity from the parent aggravated by the food and water supply. FDA estimates of dietary intake for six, the 11-month-old child of .7 / gm per day, grain are undoubtedly low. Vaccines, allergy skin tests, 25% human serum albumin, baby skin creams (stabilized with aluminum), and prenatal IVs, baby diaper wipes and antacids which are frequently given to infants in an IV are extremely high in aluminum. For adults, the accumulation continues, from suntan lotion, cookware, aluminum cans and skin moisturizers. Deodorant, vaginal douches and baby wipes are not only high in aluminum but are applied to areas where there is far greater tendency for absorption through the skin. The reduced surface charge can manifest as symptoms of degenerative disease like osteoporosis. The cause is not calcium intake. The cause is reduced carrying capacity, which destroys the blood's ability to carry minerals in suspension to bone. Heart attacks are another example of blood suspension being reduced to the phase change point where any stressor will trigger massive coagulation. SUMMARY Understanding of the basics of surface charge and the factors affecting it opens new insights to reversing our environmental problems, health and water treatment. Many manufacturing processes can be modified and simplified with these understandings. The detailed interactions of various colloids in solution are far more complicated and sophisticated than they appear here but the principles are simple. While colloidal chemists understand in detail the actions of colloids in solution, the understanding of the factors enumerated here, which affect them and the principles on which they are based is missing. Atmospheric Spraying and Well depth ‹ Atmospheric spraying such as in irrigation, decreases the carrying capacity due to the mixing of carbon dioxide in the air (0.03%) with the liquid, this reduces pH. The amount of solids in water increases in strata with the depth of wells. pH is a measure of how acid or alkaline a substance is. pH 7 is balanced, equally alkaline and acid. As pH becomes more acid (down to pH 3) carrying capacity decreases. As pH becomes, more alkaline (up to pH 11) carrying capacity increases as a result of the increase in hydrogen ions. This varies a great deal depending on what elements are in solution. Alkalinity and surface tension changes are a result of changes in hydrogen bonding in water. Electromagnetic Radiation Certain electromagnetic radiation frequencies decrease the carrying capacity. While there are many frequencies not yet measured, 60-cycle alternating current will produce a decrease in carrying capacity. Summary of Effects Methods that Temporarily Increase Carrying Capacity Since carrying capacity is a function of the Electro-negative charge on particles, it is possible to artificially increase and create a higher Electro-negative field which will temporarily (up to about 8 hours) increase or decrease the carrying capacity of a liquid. The nature of the charge on these particles is essentially an electrostatic one similar to the charge that builds up on the body when walking across a carpet that creates a spark when metal is touched. During the time this artificial increase is present, the particles in suspension react as if the basic chemistry was changed. The carrying capacity will increase and the surface tension will decrease. When the artificial charge on the particles dissipates however, the carrying charge of the liquid will theoretically return to the same carrying charge as before the charge was increased. In essence, it will relax back to the original values. In actual practice, this rarely occurs. During the time the carrying capacity is higher and the surface tension is lower, the liquid will have dissolved more material into solution due to the higher wetting action, the ability to penetrate through smaller pores and increased capillary action resulting from the lower surface tension. More material is likely to be in suspension, picked up and carried while the increased carrying capacity was higher from the higher surface charge. When the liquid relaxes as the artificial field dissipates, these additions may have changed the chemical composition, and the particles will find a new equilibrium point which may be higher or lower depending on the particles which have been taken into suspension. If the artificial charge is maintained at a constant level, the effect is little different than changing the basic chemistry. SOME EFFECTS OF REDUCED CARRYING CAPACITY Aluminum toxicity is a widespread problem in all forms of life, including humans, animals, fish, plants and trees, and causes widespread degradation of the environment and health. Over 7000 reference articles on aluminum toxicity exist in various data bases; (as of 1936 - today there are more than a million.) all recognizing the toxicity but concluding the mechanism of action is unknown. Despite the number of references to aluminum toxicity, the FDA has always exempted it from testing from testing by putting it on their "Generally Regarded as Safe" (GRAS) list. Aluminum can be added to foods, medicines or water without restriction from the FDA. Aluminum is known to stop cell division during the "S Phase", at levels less than 4 ppm. The mechanism of action of aluminum toxicity is aluminum¹s effect on carrying capacity or Zeta Potential. Aluminum is relatively non-toxic in and of itself. However, it destroys the carrying capacity of a liquid. Aluminum has three (3) positive ions, so a single ion of aluminum will reduce surface charge, reduce carrying capacity and increase surface tension by 6,000 times the amount that an ion of Sodium, which has one (1) positive charge, would. Aluminum remains tightly bound in soil and metal except in acid conditions. Acid conditions cause the ions of aluminum to leech into surrounding material, thus impairing or destroying the carrying capacity of the water to carry nutrients. The simplest illustration is with plants and trees. As aluminum is either leached from the soil due to (low pH) acid rain introduction from piping and certain fertilizers, it then impairs or destroys the ability of water to carry nutrients throughout the plants and trees. Minerals, proteins, amino acids and some hydro-oxides are all directly affected. When the carrying capacity and / or surface charge is significantly reduced nutrient flow to the plants and trees ceases. It makes no difference how much of the nutrient is added to the soil (unless it is an Electro-negative nutrient), if water cannot carry it into the plant. The most common agricultural solution is to add lime to increase the pH. Increasing pH is treating a symptom not the cause. The degradation is further compounded by the increased surface tension, which does not allow water to flow through small pores and capillaries. The discussion and concern about acid rain in the northern forests is not an acid rain problem, but rather a problem of lowered pH from acid rain that leaches aluminum into the soil and reduces the Zeta Potential. The ions of aluminum get into surface water, reduce the carrying charge (ZP), and increase the surface tension creating a devastating effect on forests. There are many, obvious simple solutions to this problem once the mechanism is understood.

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