Text: From: Tom Bearden To: 'Leslie R. Pastor' Sent: Thursday, October 13, 2005 12:30 PM Subject: RE: [jlnlabs] Tadahiko Mizuno: The Maestro From Hokkaido Hi Les, Very nice piece of research work. The basic cold fusion mechanism is the following (cutting across several disciplines). First, any multiple particle or multiple ionic system experiences transient statistical operations which violate the second law of thermodynamics. Not to worry; lots of things are already known and recognized to violate it, and indeed one can violate it at will electromagnetically. Simply temporarily pin the charges in a circuit, and apply voltage. The simple amount of potential energy W collected in the system having charges q from voltage V is given by W = Vq. So the potential energy and order of the circuit/system has just been freely increased, since voltage amplification alone does not produce power and hence does not produce work. That moves the system/circuit out of equilibrium (the state of maximum entropy), reducing the system's entropy. Hence a negative entropy operation has occurred. For any system in equilibrium, the old second law implicitly assumes that first a negative entropy operation occurs to move the system away from equilibrium and thus to a state of lower entropy. The second law deliberately does not account this initial negative entropy operation, but accounts the subsequent entropic decay back to equilibrium, thus producing only positive entropy. Note that this assumes that no other negative entropy operation occurs while the entropic decay is occurring. So rigorously the second law has always been an oxymoron implicitly assuming its own contradiction has first occurred and been unaccounted. Some of the areas well-known to violate the hoary old second law are given by Kondepudi and Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics, p. 459. One of them is simply strong or sharp gradients. The authors admit that not much is known about such strong gradients, either experimentally or theoretically. Even James Clerk Maxwell pointed out that real systems easily and frequently violate the second law. Quoting: "The truth of the second law is . a statistical, not a mathematical, truth, for it depends on the fact that the bodies we deal with consist of millions of molecules. Hence the second law of thermodynamics is continually being violated, and that to a considerable extent, in any sufficiently small group of molecules belonging to a real body." [J. C. Maxwell, "Tait's Thermodynamics II", Nature 17, 278-280 (7 February 1878)]. Any transient fluctuation in a solution at initial equilibrium is a priori a violation of the second law, and there are various rigorous fluctuation theorems used to calculate the negative entropy effect. In a negative entropy fluctuation, the chemical reactions can indeed run "backwards" momentarily, and of course this has also been experimentally shown in modern thermodynamics. As an example, see D. J. Evans and D. J. Searles, "Equilibrium microstates which generate second law violating steady states," Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 50, 1994, p. 1645-1648. Evans and Searles advance the transient fluctuation theorem which predicts appreciable and measurable violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems over short time scales. The theorem relates the relative probability of delivering negative versus positive work to an experimental vessel. The theorem applies to systems in a constant-temperature environment and initially at equilibrium. A generalized form of the transient fluctuation theorem, due to Gavin Crooks at Berkeley, applies when one deliberately manipulates a system so as to change its free energy. See Gavin E. Crooks, "Entropy production fluctuation theorem and the nonequilibrium work relation for free energy differences," Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 60, 1999, p. 2721-2726. Indeed, completely contrary to normal engineering teaching, it is theoretically possible for a real physical system to continuously generate negative entropy. See the mathematical proof given by D. J. Evans and Lamberto Rondoni, "Comments on the Entropy of Nonequilibrium Steady States," J. Stat. Phys., 109(3-4), Nov. 2002, p. 895-920. This so startled the two authors that they expressed doubt that a usual physical system could do it, but did state that the problem remained for a deterministic system. In 1999 we solved the long-vexing source charge problem - how the charge sits there and continuously pours our real observable photons in all directions, while receiving no observable energy input. The energy input is there, of course, in compliance with the conservation of energy law (first law of thermodynamics), but it is in the form of virtual state energy inputs absorbed from the virtual state fluctuations of the active vacuum. So the charge continually absorbs disordered EM energy from the seething virtual state vacuum, reorders them (simply by changing absorbed virtual photon energy increments into virtual mass-energy increments), so that they coherently sum (integrate) as an increasing virtual state mass-energy change of the mass-energy of the charged particle. When the increasing virtual excitation reaches the next quantal level, the excitation abruptly decays by emission of an observable photon. The process iterates continually, so that the charge is a true Feynman ratchet, continually consuming positive entropy in the vacuum's disordered virtual energy fluctuations and producing continuous negative entropy in the observable state. All EM fields and potentials, and every joule of EM energy in the universe, is and has been produced by this process. Every charge in the universe thus continually extracts real, usable EM energy from the seething vacuum, and continually pours it out to continually produce and replenish its associated external EM fields and potentials, spreading out in all directions at light speed from the moment of formation of the charge. The charges of the original matter in the universe have been continuously pouring out real, usable, observable EM energy in this manner for some 13 billion years, and they will continue for another 13 billion years if the universe lasts that long. We do not have to learn how to directly extract energy from the vacuum! Every charge in the universe already does that in spades. All we have to do is rather thoroughly revise the terrible falsities of the old CEM/EE model used in electrical power engineering. (For a collection of these known falsities that have been pointed out by eminent scientists, see T. E. Bearden, "Errors and Omissions in the CEM/EE Model," at http://www.cheniere.org/techpapers/CEM%20Errors%20-%20final%20paper%20comple te%20w%20longer%20abstract4.doc. ) In chemical solutions, a transient fluctuation and its negative entropy can last for surprising time lengths, even up to two seconds and beyond. Further, a surprisingly large volume can be involved, up to a cubic micron. See G. M. Wang, E. M. Sevick, Emil Mittag, Debra J. Searles, and Denis J. Evans, "Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Time Scales," Phys. Rev. Lett., 89(5), 29 July 2002, 050601. The authors experimentally demonstrate the integrated transient fluctuation theorem, which predicts appreciable and measurable violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems over short time scales. Entropy consumption is shown to occur over colloidal length and time scales, for up to two seconds and at micron size scales. Quoting the comment by Steven K. Blau: "[There are many theorems] . that tackle the statistical nature of fluctuations. Specific forms of the various theorems depend on which thermodynamic parameters (temperature, volume, and so forth) are held constant, whether the system is prepared in an equilibrium state, and other factors. The transient fluctuation theorem tested by Evans and coworkers applies to systems in a constant-temperature environment and initially at equilibrium." Steven K. Blau, "The Unusual Thermodynamics of Microscopic Systems," Physics Today, 55(9), Sep. 2002, p. 19-21. Quote is from p. 19-20. So we have the proof, both theoretical and experimental, that in properly prepared fluids etc. "entropy reversal" volumes involving up to 30 billion ions or greater can and do form for up to two seconds. In those two seconds and in that reversal volume, reactions can and do often "run backwards". This is true for at least some nuclear reactions in that reversal volume as well as molecular reactions. Let's discuss that situation. In normal hot fusion theory, one must input the extra energy oneself (create the negative entropy oneself) that is necessary to override the Coulomb repulsion barrier between like charges. One usually does this by brute force; i.e., simply increasing the kinetic energy of a proton, e.g., approaching another proton, until the energetic protons in their approach do not get shoved aside before each reaches the strong force region of the other. If sufficient penetration into the strong force region occurs, then the strong force overrides the Coulomb force and the two protons fuse (e.g., one may flip one quark to turn into a neutron, in which case a quasi-nucleus of deuterium emerges. With sufficient penetration, this quasi-nucleus persists and "settles down" after the original perturbation force that gave the excess kinetic energy has gone. In that case, hot fusion production of a real deuterium nucleus has occurred. Now in an "entropy reversal" zone, quite a few ions (several billion) can be involved in a unique situation. E.g., a normal H+ ion is just a free proton, e.g. And these are continually being formed and recombined, etc. chemically. In equilibrium or near equilibrium they are kept apart by their coulomb barrier, so hot fusion does not normally occur. But in an entropy reversal fluctuation zone, the law of attraction and repulsion of charged matter may have been temporarily reversed! So two H+ ions (two protons) can in fact be attracted to each other, and if sufficient time is there each may enter the strong force region of the other, forming that same quasi-nucleus. Then as the transient fluctuation reverses and decays, with sufficient penetration some of the quasi-nuclei formed may remain. Again a quark can flip, so that a stable nucleus of deuterium D+ emerges. The reaction itself does not care from whence it gets the excess energy (order) required - either from our own sheer brute forcing provision of the energy, or from nature's own fluctuations and specifically the entropy-reversing fluctuation interactions. And that is the magic secret of the cold fusion process, as we gave in our book Energy from the Vacuum: Concepts and Principles, 2002. Whether one considers it a special form of hot fusion or uses the moniker "cold fusion" is immaterial. In classical "hot fusion" one oneself must input the energy. In "cold fusion" the same amount of energy change must be input, but nature inputs it directly by reversing the usually entropic situation into a negative entropy situation, with the environment itself furnishing the necessary energy and order and "negative entropy". If one considers the 4-spatial aspects of the negative entropy situation, one can also consider the energy as coming from the time-reversal action of the transient fluctuation. In quantum field theory, e.g., one does have a real photon (nonobservable) over on the time axis. One can also make a physics model using only a single fundamental unit if one wishes, in which case one uses "the joule" and both mass and time become functions of energy. We addressed this a bit in our book, in Chapter 10. Cold Fusion: Low Spatial-Energy Nuclear Reactions at High Time-Energy. We also gave the exact nuclear equations for the formation of the excess deuterium, tritium, and alpha particles seen in so many successful cold fusion experiments. Best wishes, Tom Bearden -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: Leslie R. Pastor [mailto:lrpastor@optonline.net] Sent: Thursday, October 13, 2005 12:55 AM To: Tom Bearden Subject: Fw: [jlnlabs] Tadahiko Mizuno: The Maestro From Hokkaido Good Morning Tom, Jean-Louis Naudin just posted my piece on Mizuno....... http://groups.yahoo.com/group/jlnlabs/message/35742 Alternate Source: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/FlyingSaucerMachine/message/466 Alternate Source: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/endsecrecy/message/6212 All the Best, Leslie R. Pastor

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