Text: Tesla stated the EM wave in the vacuum was longitudinal EM waves‹and he was correct. Check Mandl and Shaw, Quantum Field Theory, Wiley, 1984, Chap. 5. As you know, in QFT there are four polarizations of the photon. With z as the axis on which the photon propagates, polarization of the oscillating energy in x is a transverse photon, and polarization on y is a transverse photon. Polarization along the line of propagation (along z) is the longitudinal photon, with the energy oscillating to and fro (compressing and stretching) along the line of motion like an accordion. Polarization along the fourth Minkowski axis ( in ict, where the only variable is t, hence polarization in t) gives the time-polarized or "scalar" photon. The word "scalar" just means it has no vector in 3-space, hence is scalar in 3-space. It is vectorial in t. QFT has long had four polarizations of the photon. QFT uses the z axis as the direction of propagation, and x and y as transverse axes. So there are two transverse polarizations (x and y, respectively) and a longitudinal polarization (along the z-axis, with the energy density squeezing and expanding like an accordion, along the line of motion). In addition, there is a fourth polarization in the time domain (in that ict axis), with the energy moving (like a longitudinal wave but in the t domain) in t.. That photon is called the time-polarized photon, or just the "scalar" photon, where by "scalar" the theorists mean it has no vector component in 3-space, and so its 3-space component is "scalar" rather than vectorial. Mandl and Shaw strongly point out that neither the scalar photon nor the longitudinal photon is individually observable, but the "combination" of the two is observable as the instantaneous scalar potential. However, Mandl and Shaw do not show the "combining process" nor a cause and effect for the process that does the combining. That's why the source charge problem remained unsolved until we proposed a solution for it in 2000. The combining process is nothing but the absorption of one of the photons by a ubiquitously assumed unit point charge, and the subsequent re-emission of the absorbed excitation energy in the form of the other photon. The absorbed photon is the "cause" (or the input energy), the output photon is the "effect" (or the output energy), and the total absorption/emission interaction (which involves both cause and effect) is the combining mechanism. When we measure or detect, however, that is an observation -- which is a d/dt operator imposed on that ongoing process. So we only "observe" or "measure" or "detect" what is ongoing in 3-space. A negative charge absorbs the scalar photon, transduces the energy into 3-space, and emits the longitudinal photon in 3-space. A positive charge absorbs the longitudinal photon in 3-space (not individually observable, so our instruments cannot detect it) and emits the scalar photon in the time domain (again, not individually observable). So the EM wave as it exists in 3-space only, involves longitudinal waves, not transverse waves. Tesla was correct. ‹ ? ‹ Below is an explanation of the resolution of the well-known source charge problem (and also the proof of Tesla's famous pronouncement that all space was highly energetic, and that soon we would take our energy freely from space). We make the complete explanation, including the above and extending it a bit. Note that, as Sen put it, "The connection between the field and its source has always been and still is the most difficult problem in classical and quantum electrodynamics." [ D.K. Sen, Fields and/or Particles, Academic Press, London and New York, 1968, p. viii.]. That is the problem for which we proposed a solution, in 2000. The nature of the solution fully validates Tesla's thesis that EM energy could be extracted from space itself. ‹ ? ‹ Solution to the Source Charge Problem and Proof of Tesla's Assertion that EM Energy Can Be Extracted from Space Every charge and dipole in the universe has to be accepted as a fundamental "electromagnetic system", else we have no electrodynamic systems left without charge (and without dipolarity -- a situation which eliminates the potentials, poles, and all that sort of thing). The problem of the source charge has not been solved in more than 100 years until we proposed a solution in 2000, even though the basis for the solution was already in particle physics and quantum field theory. But for clarity let's state the problem in terms of a gedankenexperiment. We make a point on the lab bench the origin of a coordinate system reaching across the universe. We make the coordinate system x,y,z just for good measure (doesn't matter which kind of coordinate system we choose). Choose a line in the x, y, z at random, running radially out from the origin to the end of the universe. Now we suddenly pay a tiny bit of energy to produce a charge at the origin. Since this is a thought experiment and we can play God, we produce it instantly. Along that radial, suppose we have previously placed perfect detectors at successive distances apart of one second of light travel between each pair of them. At the end of the first second, suddenly the first detector reads, and that reading remains thereafter, so long as that charge at the origin remains intact. In short, we suddenly have values for potentials, fields, and energy density change in spacetime at that point, and those changes stably remain thereafter, unabated and indefinitely. In short, we proved that the front edge of a steady and continuous flow of EM energy moving at the speed of light just passed that first detector, and the flow was steady and continuous thereafter. At the end of the next second, suddenly the second instrument reads, and the reading remains thereafter so long as that little charge back in the laboratory remains intact‹and so on, instrument after instrument on farther out along the radial without end. So we have the "source charge" pouring out EM energy continuously in 3-space, in all directions, once the charge brought into existence, and it continues to do so as long as the charge exists. Since we can put another radial with instrument packages on any other radial line and get the same results, we have also proven that the source charge pours out EM energy continuously in all directions in 3 space. But also, no corresponding input of EM energy to the charge can be or is detected in 3-space. So here we have a nice little experiment. We have proven that any charge continuously pours out EM energy in 3-space in all directions, and that it does not receive any input of energy at all in 3-space. Either we must totally surrender the conservation of energy law‹because every charge in the universe already violates it continuously, and the charges in the original matter have been doing that for about 14 billion years‹or we must have an equal and continuous EM energy input to the source charge from outside 3-space. Experimentally our instruments show and prove that there is no incoming observable (detectable) EM energy to the charge in 3-space. Hence if there is an input of equal energy flow to preserve the conservation of energy law, that input must come from outside 3-space. Well, if we are modeling in Minkowski space, there is only one additional dimensional axis from which the input EM energy can come. That is from the fourth axis, which is ict, where the only variable in ict is the t. So the energy input has to come from the time domain, else we have clearly falsified the conservation of energy law itself. In short, EM energy must (1) flow into the charge from the time domain, (2) be absorbed in that domain and energetically excite the charge therein, (3) then the absorbed excitation energy in the time domain must be transduced by the charge into 3-space excitation energy, and (4) then that excitation energy now in 3-space must decay by emitting the EM energy from the charge outward in 3-space in all directions. This is absolutely rigorous. There is no way around it that I am aware of. Further, we can find powerful support (some would say proof) of this proposed solution from two other regimes: (1) particle physics, and (2) quantum field theory. In particle physics, the experimental proof of broken symmetry was demonstrated in early 1957 by Wu et al. Lee and Yang had previously strongly predicted it and suggested the type of experiment. So unprecedented and profound was this asymmetry discovery, affecting all physics, that forthwith Lee and Yang were awarded the Nobel Prize in the very same year, 1957. In particle physics, there is also no such thing as an "isolated macroscopic charge". Instead, the observable charge is also clustered around by virtual charges of opposite sign (that's just quantum electrodynamics). The "observed magnitude of charge" seen through the screening virtual charges and given in the textbooks and handbooks, is not the same as the actual "bare" charge if the screening virtual charges were stripped away. That is well-known in physics; references can easily be cited. So any "charge" can be replaced with a set of composite dipoles, where each dipole is comprised of a differential piece of the observable charge and one of the virtual charges of opposite sign, clustering around the observable charge at that time. One of the broken symmetries‹for which Lee and Yang received the Nobel Prize‹is the asymmetry of opposite charges (such as are on the opposite ends of a dipole). We do not have to reprove that broken symmetry; it has already been experimentally proven and Nobel Prizes awarded. It is well-known and accepted in particle physics. Yet the vacuum's energetic interaction with the charge is not even modeled in the Maxwell-Heaviside-Lorentz classical electrodynamics‹much less a broken symmetry in that energy exchange. We examine one of those composite dipoles comprising the "charge". By the very definition of broken symmetry, that dipole is continuously absorbing virtual photon energy from the seething vacuum flux, and changing it into observable photon energy, then emitting (back to vacuum and 3-space) observable photon energy (emitting energy in 3-space). Since all observation and detection are 3-spatial, the lab observer cannot see the virtual input EM energy a priori. He just sees and detects the continuous 3-space output of observable photon energy from that "source charge". Note that there are many composite dipoles comprising that "source charge", and all are doing their broken symmetry conversion of unusable energy to usable energy. Hence the charge continuously pours out energy, unceasingly, in 3-space in all directions. Further, this energy came from the vacuum (particle physics) in unobservable form, then was transduced, or from the time domain (quantum field theory) then was transduced into observable EM form. In short, every charge and every dipole is a true negative resistor, continuously producing giant negentropy by pouring out energy unceasingly, in all directions. The charge (and the dipole) are nature's bountiful gift of free electrical energy for us, forever, and very easily and simply produced anywhere in the universe, at any time, without fail. The symmetry of energy flow in the fourth axis (t) is broken (some time-energy goes in and doesn't come back out as such). The symmetry of energy flow in 3-space is broken (no 3-space energy is input to the charge, but 3-space energy is continuously emitted from the charge in all directions at the speed of light.) In 4-space, however, energy flow is conserved. Note that there is no law of energy conservation that states it must be conserved in 3-space! It must only be conserved in 4-space. Adding 3-space conservation requirement is an additional and totally unnecessary requirement that electrical engineers are trained to ubiquitously "add on" by the way they are trained to build their circuits that self-enforce the extra 3-space energy flow conservation. We wait one year after we started the little experiment, and the instrument package that is one light year away from the laboratory origin point (and the source charge in the experiment) suddenly reads and the reading remains. So one year after we started, the energy density in an enormous volume of space a light year in radius (reaching out beyond the solar system) has been altered. And the alteration of the energy density in space is still spreading out in all directions at the speed of light, to an ever increasing volume of space. The energy density of space in this region has been altered, and it will remain altered so long as that little charge exists and continues to pour out energy. We paid just a little bit of energy to produce that charge (e.g., to raise an electron out of the local Dirac sea at the origin), and as a result now we have changed the energy density of an enormous volume of space and are still changing the energy density of an ever-increasing volume of space. The OUTPUT of EM energy we have achieved, has been enormously greater than the INPUT of energy we paid. And the output is still ongoing, continuously, for free. The charge does not conserve energy flow in 3-space (there is no such 3-space requirement in the proper statement of conservation of energy!) and it does not conserve energy flow in the fourth axis (the time domain) either. Both of those "symmetries" in energy flow are broken by every charge in the universe. Nonetheless, the energy flow is conserved in 4-space. That type of 4-symmetry, with simultaneous broken t-symmetry and broken 3-space symmetry, is the technical pre-requisite for extracting energy from space, as Tesla pointed out could be done and would be done. Every charge (the most fundamental EM system) in the universe is thus an open system far from 3-equilibrium (and far from t-equilibrium). Instead, it is very happy to maintain a very special kind of 4-symmetry in EM energy flow, and to convert time-energy to spatial energy, and vice versa.

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