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Levitation and Gravity Product Index
Acoustic Levitation Methods and Apparatus
Levitation has been achieved by applying a frequency along each of the three chamber dimensions which produces a wavelength equal to twice the corresponding chamber dimension, or by applying a frequency which is an integral multiple thereof. The present paper provides for levitating objects within chambers having curved walls. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 20 N0021488 $2.95

Acoustic Levitation System
Dense materials, such as steel balls, can be continuously levitated with the energy provided by an efficient high-powered siren in combination with a shaped reflector. The motor-driven variable-frequency siren has its acoustical impedance matched to the impedance of the air in the levitation chamber by an exponential horn. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 7 N0010488 $1.60

Acoustic Levitation with Less Equipment
Certain chamber shapes require fewer than three acoustic drivers. Most previous work on acoustic levitation has dealt with rectangular chambers. Three drivers excite the chamber along three orthogonal axes - x, y, and z. The three drivers must be used simultaneously to position an object at the center of the chamber, where they create a point of minimum acoustic potential. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 41 N0015488 $4.95

Acoustic Levitation with One Driver
A brief report discusses acoustic levitation in a rectangular chamber using one driver mounted at a corner. The single driver excites vibrations along all three axes. The excitation scheme is an elaboration of concepts expressed in Acoustic Levitation with Less Equipment. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 4 N0008488 $1.25

Acoustic Levitation with One Transducer
An experimental acoustic levitator for high-temperature containerless processing has a round cylindrical levitation chamber and only one acoustic transducer. Stable levitation of a solid particle or liquid drop is achieved by exciting the sound in the chamber to a higher-order (non-planar) resonant mode that makes a potential well for the levitated particle or drop at some point within the chamber. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 12 N0017488 $2.25

Acoustic Levitator Maintains Resonance
An acoustic levitation system automatically adjust the sound frequency or chamber length to maintain the resonance necessary for levitation. Developed for containerless processing of materials at high temperatures, the system does not rely on microphones as resonance sensors, since microphones are difficult to fabricate for use at temperatures above 500ƒC. Instead, the system uses the acoustic transducer itself as a sensor. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 13 N0019488 $2.35

Acoustic Translation of an Acoustically Levitated Sample
A levitated sample can be moved quickly from hot to cold regions in the levitation chamber. The frequency of the sound produced by the transducers is adjusted by the feedback system to maintain the resonant mode, which levitates the sample midway between the transducers and the plunger regardless of the plunger position. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 12 N0029488 $2.15

Applying Uniform Polymer Coatings to Microspheres
The novelty of the invention is in the method steps for preparing inertial confinement fusion targets that are covered with a film of polymer. Acoustic levitation is used to evenly distribute the film against gravity on the spheroidal target. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 7 N0041192 $1.25

Blowing Polymer Bubbles in an Acoustic Levitator
In a proposed manufacturing process, small gas-filled polymer shells would be made by injecting gas directly into acoustically levitated prepolymer drops. In contrast to free-fall methods that allow only a few seconds for bubble formation, the new process would allow sufficient time for the precise control of the shell geometry. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 5 N0012488 $1

Bubble-Free Containers for Liquids in Microgravity
This disclosure concerns the invention of a unique type of liquid container for use only in a low gravity environment, such as aboard an orbiting spacecraft or in acoustic levitation processes. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 20 N0011295 $3

Classifying Particles by Acoustic Levitation
Different kinds of particles in a mixture are separated by acoustic levitation, according to recent investigations. This adds to the growing list of tasks made feasible by acoustic levitation. The acoustic technique may find applications in fusion-target separation, biological separation, and manufacturing processes in liquid or gas media. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 9 N0003488 $1.35

Conductor-Backed Superconductive Coplanar-Waveguide Resonators
Conductor backed coplanar waveguide resonators operating at 10.8 GHz have been fabricated from Ti-Ba-Ca-Cu-O and Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films on LaAlO. The resonators consist of a coplanar waveguide patterned on the superconducting film side of the LaAlO, substrate with a gold ground plane coated on the opposite side. These resonators were tested in the temperature range from 14 to 106 K. At 77 K, the best of our resonators have an unloaded quality factor (Q) 7 and 4 times, respectively, larger than that of a similar all-gold resonator. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 6 N0012295 $1.15

Contactless Calorimetry for Levitated Samples
The temperature and specific heat of a hot sample would be measured with a pyrometer in a proposed experimental technique. The technique is intended especially for contactless calorimetry of such materials as undercooled molten alloys, the samples of which must be levitated to prevent contamination and premature crystallization. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 13 N0001488 $2.1

Controlling Sample Rotating in Acoustic Levitation
The rotation of an acoustically levitated object would be stopped or controlled according to a phase-shift monitoring and control concept. The principle applies to a square-cross-section levitation chamber with two perpendicular acoustic drivers operating at the same frequency. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 7 N0014488 $1.25

Counteracting Gravitation In Dielectric Liquids
Previous low-g experiments had to be done exclusively in space. With the disclosed cell low-g experiments can now also be done on the ground. This will lead to A) Better science return since more experiments can be done with fixed budget; B) Big cost savings since low-g experiments can be done much cheaper. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 8 N0011293 $1.35

Digital Controller for Acoustic Levitation
An acoustic driver digitally controls sound fields along three axes. It allows the computerized acoustic levitation and manipulation of small objects for such purposes as containerless processing and nuclear-fusion power experiments. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 9 N0001789 $1.35

Electrostatic Levitator with Feedback Control
An electrostatic levitation system includes a closed feedback loop to hold the levitated object at the desired position. The vertical position of the object is sensed and compared with the preset value. When an error is detected, the amplitude of the levitating field is increased or decreased to restore a zero error. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 9 N0002488 $1.35

Electrostatic Liquid-Drop Levitation System
An electrostatic levitator has levitated drops of liquid up to 4 mm in diameter while maintaining spherical drop shapes. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 6 N0031488 $1.15

Equipment for Microgravity Research
The General Purpose Rocket Furnace provides three independently controlled cavities for melting and resolidifying experimental specimens in a microgravity environment. Each cavity can be operated to provide near-isothermal or gradient temperature profiles. Samples can be cooled at specified rates with a cold gas quench through a common manifold or water-cooled heat sink integral with each cavity while maintained in a sealed atmosphere. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 30 N0005488 $2.95

Experiments on Rotating, Charged Liquid Drops
Report describes experiments in which electrically charged drops of liquid were levitated electrostatically and rotated and vibrated acoustically. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 28 N0003592 $3.65

Field Resonance Propulsion Concept
The speculative "propulsion" concept described in this paper was presented at a special session of the 15th Joint AIAA/SAE/ASME Propulsion Conference (June 18-20, 1979), "Propulsion Concepts for Galactic Spacecraft". The concept was developed as the result of private, unofficial research. NASA is not involved in UFO research. However, the research which may be stimulated by this paper could result in the verification of the essential elements of this concept and in feasibility studies concerning the development of a new generation of NASA spacecraft. Alan C. Holt ABSTRACT A new "propulsion" concept has been developed based on a proposed resonance between coherent, pulsed electromagnetic wave forms and gravitational wave forms (or space-time metrics). Using this concept a spacecraft "propulsion" system potentially capable of galactic and inter-galactic travel without prohibitive "travel times" has been designed. The "propulsion" system utilizes recent research associated with magnetic field line merging, hydromagnetic wave effects, free-electron lasers, laser generation of megagauss fields, and special structural and containment metals. Research required to determine potential, field resonance characteristics and to evaluate various aspects of the spacecraft "propulsion" design is described. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 13 N1899 $2

High-Temperature Electrostatic Levitator
The apparatus schematically provides electrostatic levitation and radiant heating of a small sample of material in a vacuum. Unlike in an electromagnetic levitator (in which the sample must be a conductor), the sample can be an electrical insulator, or semiconductor, and the rate of heating can be controlled independently of the levitating force. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 14 N0010294 $1.95

Hybrid Contactless Heating and Levitation
A contactless material-processing concept involves the levitation, heating, and cooling of a sample of material through the coordinated use of electromagnetic and acoustic fields. The electromagnetic field would be used for both levitation and heating, while the acoustic field would be turned on to levitate the sample whenever the electromagnetic field must be weakened below the minimum strength required for levitation. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 6 N0013488 $1.15

Hybrid Electrostatic/Acoustic Levitator
A levitator for liquid drops and small particles includes both electrostatic and acoustic components for versatility in the manipulation of samples. The sample is levitated electrostatically and rotated or vibrated acoustically. Because the electrostatic and acoustic forces are independent of each other, the hybrid levitator is especially suitable for studies of drop dynamics. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 6 N0018488 $1.15

Improved Acoustic Levitation
A method and apparatus for enhancing and shaping acoustical levitation forces in a single-axis acoustic resonance system wherein specially shaped drivers and reflectors are utilized to enhance the levitation force and better contain fluid substances by means of field shaping. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 16 N0006488 $2.25

Magnetic Compensation For Gravitational Pressure Gradient
The method provides the means for performing low-gravity experiments on certain magnetic liquids in ground based laboratories. Experiment cell size can be larger than 1 cm in all dimensions. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 6 N0021293 $1.15

Matching Impedances and Modes in Acoustic Levitation
Discusses schemes for coupling sound efficiently from a cool outside atmosphere into a hot acoustic-levitation chamber. These theoretical studies have practical implications for material processing systems that employ acoustic levitation. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 8 N0009488 $1.35

Microwave Dielectrophoretic Levitation In Microgravity
Method and apparatus to position a sample of any electrically polarizable material requiring no active control mechanism and in any atmosphere, including vacuum, and in which the positioning force can be decoupled from heating in some cases. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 21 N0051293 $1.95

Microwave Levitation of Small Objects
Microwave radiation in resonant cavities would be used to levitate small objects. This technique was conceived for use in experiments on the processing of materials in the low gravitation of outer space, but it could also be used in normal Earth gravitation, albeit under some limitations. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 10 N0003192 $1.75

Orienting Acoustically Levitated Aspherical Objects
By suitable adjustments of the amplitudes and phases of the three acoustic fields in a three-axis acoustic levitator, the orientation of an aspherical levitated object can be controlled, and the degree of its asphericity can be measured. The orientation-and-measurement technique can be used to manipulate workpieces during containerless processing or to measure the approach to desired asphericity in small objects like targets for laser-fusion experiments. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 7 N0030488 $1.25

Precision Fabrication of Electromagnetic-Levitation Coils
The fabrication of levitation coils has traditionally been considered an art. A technique has been developed for fabricating electromagnetic induction coils in a reproducible manner. The success rate for producing a functional levitation coil has been increased from 50 to 95%. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 7 N0011488 $1.25

Producing Metallic Glasses with Acoustic Levitation
Very little contamination would occur in an acoustic levitation scheme under development for cooling molten metal. The scheme may allow new amorphous alloys - including "metallic glass" - to be formed. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 8 N0004488 $1.35

Rotation Control in a Cylindrical Acoustic Levitator
The addition of a second acoustical transducer enables a single-mode, cylindrical acoustic levitator to rotate a levitated sample about the cylinder axis in a controlled manner. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 7 N0020488 $1.25

Stabilized Acoustic Levitation of Dense Materials Using High-Powered Siren
Stabilized acoustic levitation and manipulation of dense (e.g. steel) objects of 1 cm diameter, using a high-powered siren, was demonstrated in trials that investigated the harmonic content and spatial distribution of the acoustic field, as well as the effect of sample position and reflector geometries on the acoustic field. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 25 N0016488 $3.25

Stable and Oscillating Acoustic Levitation
The degree of oscillation of an acoustically levitated object along an axis of a levitation chamber can be controlled by varying the frequency of the acoustic driver for that axis above or below the frequency of the corresponding chamber resonance. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 13 N0002789 $1.95

The Theory of ElectroGravitation Fields part 1 of 2
Pierre Sinclaire presents his stuff at the 1997 Global Sciences Congress; January, Tampa, Florida. Pages: DVD020207 $19.95

The Theory of ElectroGravitation Fields part 2 of 2
Pierre Sinclaire presents his stuff at the 1997 Global Sciences Congress; January, Tampa, Florida. Pages: DVD020307 $19.95

Viscous Torques on a Levitating Body
New analytical expressions for the viscous torque generated by orthogonal sound waves agree well with experiment. It is now possible to calculate the torque on an object levitated in a fluid. Levitation has applications in containerless materials processing, coating, and fabrication of small precision parts. NASA Tech Brief. 8.5" X 11" Pages: 13 N0007488 $1.65

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