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Section I. Description of the Process
Introduction
The study of chemistry is primarily focused on ionic chemistry, (i.e.)the
action of chemistry on solutions.
Metals, minerals, inorganic materials, proteins and amino acids areheld in
suspension in liquids and not solution. They are
microscopic and submicroscopic particles like dust particles in theair.
These very small particles are called colloids. Since colloids in suspension
form chemical compounds like ions in solution, the suspension
characteristics of colloids are generally ignored.
Colloids are held in suspension via a very slight Electro-negative chargeon
the surface of each particle. This charge is called Zeta Potential.The ability
of a liquid to carry material in suspension is a function of theseminute
electrical charges. As the Electro-negative charge increases, morematerial
can be carried in suspension. As the charge decreases, the particlesmove
closer to each other and the liquid is able to carry less material.There is a
point where the ability to carry material in suspension is exceededand
particles begin to clump together with the heavier particles materials
dropping out of the liquid and coagulating.
This phase change is quite similar to temperature variation in water.Just as a
10-degree temperature shift in water has no significant effect at 70degrees F,
but a major effect at 35 degrees; so, it is with colloids in suspension.Each
liquid has a phase change point where very slight changes in the Electro-
negative charge can produce large effects. This whole area of
study is known as Colloidal Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, SurfaceChange,
or Zeta Potential. It is a mixture of both physics and chemistry.
Stability of Solution-Zeta Potential
from ?Control of Colloidal Stability by Thomas Riddick
Stability Average Zeta Potential (In millivolts)
Extreme to very good stability -100 to -60 mv
Reasonable stability -60 to -40
Moderate stability -40 to -30
Threshold of light dispersion -30 to -15
Threshold of agglomeration - 15 to -10
Strong agglomeration and precipitation -5 to +5
The processes and explanations that follow, as well as their associated
ramifications, are based on a more complete exploration of the powerof this
mechanism of action and the factors which influence colloidal stability.
Mechanisms of Action and Influencing Factors
Colloids in suspension determine the ability of all liquids particularlywater-
based liquids to carry material. This also applies to semi-solids andsolids but
liquid is the focus of this paper.
The ability to carry material or ?carrying capacity of a liquid is influencedby
composition, surface tension, centrifugal and centripetal motion, polarizedlight
and magnetic fields.
1. Basic Elemental Composition
All elements, except the noble gases with no valence, are either Electro-positive
or Electro-negative. The relative quantity of positive and negativecharge in a
liquid determines carrying capacity. Electropositive ions decreasecarrying
capacity while electronegative ions increase it. Elements with onlyone positive
or one negative ion have little effect on suspensions. Elements withtwo
positive or two negative ions (divalent) such as magnesium and beryllium(+2)
or oxygen and selenium (-2) have 3,000 times more effect on carryingcapacity
than elements with single ions. Elements with a valiance of three,such as iron
and aluminum (+3), nitrogen, and phosphorus (-3) have 6,000 times moreeffect
on carrying capacity than an element with a positive or negative ion.
It follows that the addition of a very small amount of an element withthree
positives or three negative ions (trivalent) can have a massive effectupon
carrying capacity particularly near the phase change point. .
2. Surface Tension
Surface tension is a measure of the adherence of a material to itself,the tenacity
with which it resists expansion and the attraction between molecules.In water,
the mechanism allows a needle to float on top or an insect to walkacross it.
Some general rules are if carrying capacity increases, surface tensiondecreases:
if carrying capacity decreases, surface tension increases. Surfacetension and
particle charge are most easily understood if we think of positivecharges and
increased surface tension as binding together or ?concentrating andnegative
charges and decreased surface tension as expanding or ?dissipating.The greater
the surface tension and the lower the electronegative charge, the moreany
material, such as water, will bind together and coagulate or concentrate...
Adding a surfactant such as detergent can decrease surface tension,but this will
not increase carrying capacity unless it changes the basic colloidalchemistry of
the liquid by adding a material with negative ions. Surface tensionand Zeta
potential are not strictly related
In addition, a surfactant can decrease surface tension (good) but alsomove Zeta
potential to a lower electronegative number. In many cases in aqueoussolutions
increases in the electronegative charge, i.e. ZP will decrease surfacetension.
5. Other Variables
A. Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism
Oxygen is highly paramagnetic (attracted to a magnetic field, but not
magnetized). Hydrogen is highly diamagnetic; (repelled from a magneticfield
but not magnetized). Under normal circumstance, these are such weakforces
that they are not considered significant. In vortex flow, they havea more
significant effect.
When passed through a strong magnetic field, oxygen molecules tendto
be attracted towards the field and hydrogen molecules repulsed fromthe field.
Water is one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. The two atomsof
hydrogen make it diamagnetic.
It has two single plus ions from hydrogen and one divalent negativeion
from oxygen (-2). The divalent Oxygen has 3000 times the effect oncarrying
capacity and Electro-negativity as the single plus charges of hydrogenion; thus,
water has a slight electronegative charge.
. Mini -Vortices - The bubbling air into water and turbulence createmultiple
mini-vortices. This has a direct influence upon the carrying capacityof a liquid.
Generally, bubbling air introduced under the water surface will decreasesurface
tension depending on the direction of rotation.
7. Substances in Colloidal Suspension
Substances in colloidal suspensions, even in quantities far above the
recognized lethal level, have few toxic effects. Fish, for example,will survive
and thrive in water with six times the lethal concentration of lead,arsenic, and
many other substances considered toxic if the water has the right chargeand the
material is in colloidal form. In non-colloid form, fish death is rapidat far lower
concentrations. The reason is beyond the scope of this paper but livingsystems
can take what is needed from colloids and pass the rest with littleharm. If
surface charge and carrying capacity are degraded, colloids begin toclump
together into larger and larger (although still microscopic) particles.The
electrical
Charge is a function of the total surface area of the particles. Aone-inch metal
cube has a surface area of 6 square inches. Divide it into small colloidsand the
area increases to over 5 million square inches each with a small electrical
charge.
Reduction in the surface charge first causes gentle settling of smallparticles,
as colloids lose enough charge to clump and settle out of the liquid.The heavy
metals generally come out first and symptoms of heavy metal poisoningmay
appear. As surface area and charge decrease, the larger particles bindto
receptors, preventing chemical release at the synapse, which may bedisguised
as mental, emotional or physical problems. The process is little differentfrom
scale forming in pipe. Arterial sclerosis is another example. As thecarrying
charge of the blood is reduced, material deposits on the artery walls,just as scale
does on the pipe.
Obviously, lead, arsenic, cadmium or other trace, heavy metals in aliving
system react the same. As the electrical charge drops, they are nolonger
colloids, settle out and clump at receptors. Reduction of the carryingcharge now
appears
as lead or other heavy metal poisoning. Lead poisoning or other heavymetal
poisoning is an effect not the cause. The cause is the reduction incarrying
charge. The amount of lead may be the same over the whole life spanand may
not manifest itself until other factors reduce the total system charge.
Children are particularly susceptible to such poisoning. The primarycause may
be early vaccination (aluminum stabilizers used in vaccines) coupledwith
reduced carrying capacity from the parent aggravated by the food andwater
supply. FDA estimates of dietary intake for six the 11-month-old childof .7/gm
per day grain are undoubtedly low. Vaccines, allergy skin tests, 25%human
serum albumin, baby skin creams (stabilized with aluminum), and prenatalIV?s,
baby diaper wipes and antacids which are frequently given to infantsin an IV
are extremely high in aluminum.
For adults, the accumulation continues from suntan lotion, cookware,and
aluminum cans and skin moisturizers. Deodorant, vaginal douches andbaby
wipes are not only high in aluminum but are applied to areas wherethere is far
greater tendency to absorption through the skin.
The reduced surface charge can manifest as symptoms of degenerativedisease
like osteoporosis. The cause is not calcium intake. The cause is reducedcarrying
capacity, which destroys the blood? ability to carry minerals in suspensionto
bone. Heart attacks are another example of blood suspension being reducedto
the phase change point where any stressor will trigger massive coagulation.
SUMMARY
Understanding of the basics of surface charge and the factors affectingit
opens new insights to reversing our environmental problems, healthand water
treatment. Many manufacturing processes can be modified and simplifiedwith
these understandings. The detailed interactions of various colloidsin solution
are far more complicated and sophisticated than they appear
here but the principles are simple. While colloidal chemists understandin detail
the actions of colloids in solution, the understanding of the factorsenumerated
here, which affect them and the principles on which they are basedis missing.
3. Atmospheric Spraying and Well depth - Atmospheric spraying suchas
in irrigation, decreases the carrying capacity due to the mixing of..03percentage
carbon dioxide in the air with the liquid that reduces pH. The amountof solids
in water increases in strata with the depth of wells.
4. PH> pH is a measure of how acid or alkaline a substance is. PH 7is
balanced, equally alkaline and acid. As pH becomes more acid (downto pH
3) carrying capacity decreases. As pH becomes, more alkaline (up topH 11)
carrying capacity increases as a result of the increase in hydrogenions. This
varies a great deal depending on what elements are in solution. Alkalinityand
surface tension changes are a result of changes in hydrogen bondingin water.
5. Electromagnetic Radiation - Certain electromagnetic radiation frequencies
decrease the carrying capacity. While there are many frequencies notyet
measured, 60-cycle alternating current will produce a decrease in carrying
capacity.
Summary of Effects
6. Methods that Temporarily Increase Carrying Capacity
Since carrying capacity is a function of the electronegative chargeon particles,
it is possible to artificially increase and create a higher electronegativefield
which will temporarily (up to about 8 hours) increase or decrease thecarrying
capacity of a liquid. The nature of the charge on these particles isessentially an
electrostatic one similar to the charge that builds up on the bodywhen walking
across a carpet that creates a spark when metal is touched. Duringthe time this
artificial increase is present, the particles in suspension react asif the basic
chemistry was changed. The carrying capacity will increase and thesurface
tension will decrease. When the artificial charge on the particlesdissipates
however the carrying charge of the liquid will theoretically returnto the same
carrying charge as before the charge was increased. In essence, itwill ?relax
back to the original values.
In actual practice, this rarely occurs. During the time the carryingcapacity
is higher and the surface tension is lower, the liquid will have dissolvedmore
material into solution due to the higher wetting action, the abilityto penetrate
through smaller pores and increased capillary action resulting fromthe lower
surface tension. More material is likely to be in suspension, pickedup and
carried while the increased carrying capacity was higher from the highersurface
charge. When the liquid ?relaxes as the artificial field dissipates,these additions
may have changed the chemical composition, and the particles will finda new
equilibrium point which may be higher or lower depending on the particles
which have been taken into suspension. If the artificial charge ismaintained at
a constant level, the effect is little different than changing thebasic chemistry.
SOME EFFECTS OF REDUCED CARRYING CAPACITY
Aluminum toxicity is a widespread problem in all forms of life, including
humans, animals, fish, plants and trees, and causes widespread degradationof
the environment and health. Over 7000 reference articles on aluminum
toxicity exist in various data bases; all recognizing the toxicitybut
concluding the mechanism of action is unknown.
Despite the number of references to aluminum toxicity, the FDA has
always exempted it from testing from testing by putting it on theirGenerally
Regarded as Safe (GRAS) list. Aluminum can be added to foods, medicines
or water without restriction from the FDA.
The mechanism of action of aluminum toxicity is aluminum?s effect on
carrying capacity or Zeta Potential. Aluminum is relatively non-toxicin and
of itself. However, it destroys the carrying capacity of a liquid.Aluminum
has three (3) positive ions, so a single ion of aluminum will reducesurface
charge, reduce carrying capacity and increase surface tension by 6,000times
the amount that an ion of Sodium, which has one (1) positive charge,would.
Aluminum remains tightly bound in soil and metal except in acid conditions.
Acid conditions cause the ions of aluminum to leech into surrounding
material, thus impairing or destroying the carrying capacity of thewater to
carry nutrients. The simplest illustration is with plants and trees.As
aluminum is either leached from the soil due to (low pH) acid rain
introduction from piping and certain fertilizers, it then impairs ordestroys the
ability of water to carry nutrients throughout the plants and trees.Minerals,
proteins, amino acids and some hydro-oxides are all directly affected.
When the carrying capacity and/or surface charge is significantly reduced
nutrient flow to the plants and trees ceases. It makes no differencehow much
of the nutrient is added to the soil (unless it is an Electro-negativenutrient), if
water cannot carry it into the plant.
The most common agricultural solution is to add lime to increase thepH.
Increasing pH is treating a symptom not the cause.
The degradation is further compounded by the increased surface tension,which
does not allow water to flow through small pores and capillaries.
The discussion and concern about acid rain in the northern forestsis not an acid
rain problem, bur rather a problem of lowered pH from acid rain thatleaches
aluminum into the soil and reduces the Zeta Potential. The ions ofaluminum
get into surface water, reduce the carrying charge (ZP), and increasethe surface
tension creating a devastating effect on forests. There are many, obvioussimple
solutions to this problem once the mechanism is understood.
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