Lenin was struck by a peculiar irrational behavior of the masses before or during revolts. He writes about the

The soldier had the greatest sympathy for the cause of the peasant; his eyes shone at the mere mention of land. Several times, the

soldiers had taken over the military power, but never was there any decided utilization of this power. The soldiers became hesitant.

A few hours after having killed one of their hated superiors they let the others go free, began negotiations with the authorities and let

themselves be shot, lay down again under the rod and let themselves be put in the yoke . . .

against the [20] laws of God, against the "authority of the state" and its representatives impossible.

them because they cannot be explained in purely socio-economic terms.

Freud's concept comes closer to the facts in that it explains such behavior from an infantile guilt feeling toward

the father. Yet, it does not explain the social origin and function of the behavior and therefore does not lead to a

practical solution either. Also, it overlooks the connection between such behavior and the suppression and

distortion of the sexual life of the masses.

of the research method of sex-economy.

Sex-economy is a method of research which developed over many years through the application of functionalism

to human sex life and which has arrived at a series of new findings. It starts from the following premises:

Marx found that social life is governed by the conditions of economic production and the resulting class

struggles. The owners of the social means of production rarely use brute force in their suppression of the ruled

classes; their main weapon is their ideological power over the oppressed which also lends powerful support to the

state. We have already mentioned the fact that Marx considered living man, with his psychological and physical

characteristics, the central factor in history and politics. The character structure of acting man, the so-called

"subjective factor in history" in the sense of Marx, remained unexplored: Marx was a sociologist and not a

psychologist, and there was, in his day, no scientific psychology. Thus the question remained open as to why

people, for thousands of years, have tolerated exploitation and moral degradation, in brief, slavery; Marx explored

only the economic process in society and the mechanism of economic exploitation.

processes which govern psychic life. The most important of his discoveries, which had a revolutionary effect on a

great many generally accepted concepts and thus brought down the hatred of the world on him, were the

Conscious psychic life is only a small part of psychic life. It is governed by psychological processes which are

unconscious and therefore not under the control of the conscious. All psychic phenomena, no matter how

meaningless they may appear, like dreams, slips of the tongue, forgetting and misplacing things, the absurd

utterances of mental patients, they all have a function and a "meaning" and can be understood from the history of

the individual. In this way, psychology—which up to that time had led a miserable existence in the form of a kind

of physics of the brain ("brain mythology") or as a teaching of a mysterious objective spirit—became part of

natural science.

The second great discovery was that even the small child develops a lively sexuality, that, in other words,

bodily sources, is the central motor of psychic life. Biological factors and social conditions converge in psychic

life.

The third great discovery was the fact that infantile sexuality—which includes the most essential part of the

child-parent relationship, the "Oedipus complex"—is usually repressed because of fear of punishment for sexual

thoughts and actions (basically, "castration anxiety"). As a result, infantile sexuality becomes excluded from

activity and disappears from conscious memory. The repression of infantile sexuality removes it from conscious

control. This does not, however, deprive it of its strength; on the contrary, it intensifies it and thus enables it to

manifest itself in

________

[22] various psychic disturbances. As this repression of infantile sexuality is the rule in "civilized man," Freud

could rightly state that all humanity was his patient.

The fourth important discovery was that human morality, far from being of supernatural origin, results from the

suppressive measures of early infantile education, particularly those directed against sexuality. The original

morals. The moral forces in the adult, which are themselves unconscious, act against the recognition of the laws

of sexuality and of unconscious psychic life; they support sexual repression ("sex resistance") and explain the

resistance of the world to the discovery of infantile sexuality.

We have mentioned only those discoveries which are most important for our subject. By their very existence,

they were a heavy blow to reactionary moral philosophy and especially to religious metaphysics which proclaims

the existence of eternal moral values, that an objective spirit governs the world, and which denies the existence of

infantile sexuality and restricts sexuality to procreation. These discoveries, however, did not exert an influence

commensurate with their paramount importance because the psychological sociology which developed from them

robbed them again of most of their revolutionary elements. This is not the place to demonstrate this fact.

Psychoanalytic sociology suffered from the following errors: it attempted to analyze society as if it were an

individual; it postulated an absolute antithesis between cultural process and sexual gratification; it considered the

destructive drives as biological facts which governed human fate in an inexorable manner; it denied the

sociological development of patriarchy from matriarchy and contended that the patriarchal family was a

biological fact. As a result of these errors, it ended up in a paralyzing skepticism; it was afraid of the

consequences which followed logically from its own discoveries. For a long time now, it has taken an inimical

attitude toward attempts at drawing these conclusions, and its representatives consistently fight against such

attempts. Nevertheless, we [23] shall strongly defend Freud's great discoveries against any attack, no matter

where it originates.

The methodology of sex-economic sociology which had these discoveries as its starting point is not one of the

common attempts to supplement Marx with Freud, or Freud with Marx, or to replace one by the other.

Psychoanalysis should fulfil a scientific function which socio-economics cannot fulfil: the comprehension not of

the historical soil of the ideology, but of its structure and dynamics. By including the discoveries of

psychoanalysis, sociology reaches a higher level and becomes better able to comprehend reality because, finally,

it includes the knowledge of human structure. Only a narrow-minded politician would think of reproaching the

character-analytic psychology of structure for not being able immediately to give easily followed practical

advice.

psychoanalysis ends.

Psychoanalysis reveals the mechanisms of sexual suppression and repression and their pathological effects in the

suppress sexuality and does the individual repress it? There have been many answers to this question. The church

says, for the sake of the soul in the hereafter. Mystical moral philosophy says, because of the eternal ethical

nature of man. Freud's cultural philosophy says, for the sake of "culture." One has reason to doubt such an

explanation and to ask how on earth the masturbation of infants or the sexual intercourse of adolescents will

interfere with the building of gasoline stations or airplanes. It is not difficult to see that it is not cultural activity as

such which requires the suppression

________

a great many Marxist psychologies taken together.

readily sacrifice these forms if that would eliminate the untold misery of children and adolescent youth. The

question is not one of culture but of the social order. If one studies the history of sexual suppression one finds that

it does not exist in the early stages of culture formation. Therefore, it cannot be the prerequisite of culture. Rather,

it appears at a relatively late stage of culture, at the time of the development of authoritarian patriarchy and of

class distinctions. At that stage, the sexual interests of all begin to serve the profit interests of a minority. This

process has assumed a solid organizational form in the institutions of patriarchal marriage and patriarchal family.

With the suppression of sexuality the emotions undergo a change: a sex-negating religion begins to develop

which gradually builds up its own sex-political organization, the church in all its forms, which has no other goal

than that of eradicating sexual pleasure. This has its sociological reason in the exploitation of human work which

sets in at this stage.

In order to understand this, we must study that social institution in which the economic and the sex-economic

situation of patriarchal society are interlaced. Without a study of this institution, a comprehension of the sexual

economy and of the ideology of patriarchy is impossible. Character-analytic investigation of people of any age,

family. The church only continues this function later on. In this way the authoritarian state develops its enormous

We have found the institutions in which the economic and the sexual interests of the authoritarian system meet.

one does not exclude such questions from character-analytic investigation. Suppression of the [25] natural

authority, "good" and "adjusted" in the authoritarian sense; it paralyzes the rebellious forces because any rebellion

is laden with anxiety; it produces, by inhibiting sexual curiosity and sexual thinking in the child, a general

inhibition of thinking and of critical faculties. In brief, the goal of sexual suppression is that of producing an

individual who is adjusted to the authoritarian order and who will submit to it in spite of all misery and

degradation. At first, the child has to adjust to the structure of the authoritarian miniature state, the family; this

To understand why sex-economy considers the authoritarian family the most important place of reproduction of

the authoritarian system, we only have to take the example of a conservative worker's wife. Her economic

situation is the same as that of the revolutionary worker's, but she votes fascist. The difference between the sexual

ideology of the average revolutionary and the average reactionary woman is decisive: the anti-sexual, moralistic

structure of the conservative woman makes it impossible for her to develop a consciousness of her social position,

it ties her to the church as much as it makes her afraid of "Sexualbolschewismus." Theoretically, the situation is

the following: the mechanistically thinking vulgar Marxist assumes that the consciousness of the social position

would be most acute when economic misery is sharpened by the additional sexual misery. If that were so, the

masses of women and of adolescents would be far more rebellious than the men. The exact opposite is true,

however, which the economist is at a loss to understand. He will not understand why the reactionary woman does

not even want to listen to his economic program. The answer is the following: the suppression of the gratification

of primitive material needs has a result different from that of the suppression of the gratification of the sexual

needs. The former incites rebellion. The latter, [26] however—by repressing the sexual needs and by becoming

anchored as moralistic defense—paralyzes the rebellion against either kind of suppression. More than that, the

inhibition of rebellion itself is unconscious. The conscious mind of the average unpolitical individual does not

even show a trace of it.

The result of this process is fear of freedom, and a conservative, reactionary mentality. Sexual repression aids

political reaction not only through this process which makes the mass individual passive and unpolitical but also

by creating in his structure an interest in actively supporting the authoritarian order. The suppression of natural

sexual gratification leads to various kinds of substitute gratifications. Natural aggression, for example, becomes

brutal sadism which then is an essential mass-psychological factor in imperialistic wars. To take another example:

the mass-psychological effect of militarism is essentially libidinous. The sexual effect of a uniform and of

rhythmically perfect parades, of military exhibitionism in general, are obvious to the average servant girl, even

though they may not be obvious to learned political scientists. Political reaction, however, makes conscious use of

these sexual interests. Not only does it create peacock-like uniforms for the men, it uses attractive women in its

recruiting campaigns. One only has to remember the recruiting posters with texts like this, "If you want to see the

world, join the Royal Navy." The far-away world is represented by exotic women. Why are such posters

effective? Because our youth, as a result of sexual suppression, is sex-starved.

Sexual moralism, which inhibits the will for freedom, as well as those forces which tend in the direction of

authoritarian interests, derive their energy from repressed sexuality. Now we understand a basic element in the

This is the mass-psychological explanation and confirmation of Lenin's observations in the soldiers' rebellion of

1905. To the unconscious of these soldiers, the officers represented their fathers [27] who denied their sexuality

and whom one was not allowed to kill even though they destroyed one's joy in life. Their hesitation and

repentance after having seized power were the expression of their hatred turned into its opposite, into neurotic

sympathy; thus, the hatred could not be translated into action.

The practical problem of mass psychology, then, is that of activating the passive majority of the population

which always carries political reaction to victory; and the elimination of the inhibitions which counteract the will

to freedom as it is generated by the socio-economic position. If the psychic energies of the average mass of

people watching a football game or a musical comedy could be diverted into the rational channels of a freedom

movement, they would be invincible. This is the standpoint which guides the following sex-economic

investigation.

[28]