The Search for the Manchurian
Candidate ©1979 by John Marks Published by Times Books ISBN 0-8129-0773-6 |
Contents
PART I
ORIGINS OF MIND-CONTROL RESEARCH1. WORLD WAR II
2. COLD WAR ON THE MIND
3. THE PROFESSOR AND THE "A" TREATMENTPART II
INTELLIGENCE OR "WITCHES POTIONS"4. LSD
5. CONCERNING THE CASE OF DR. FRANK OLSEN
6. THEM UNWITTING: THE SAFEHOUSES
7. MUSHROOMS TO COUNTERCULTUREPART III
SPELLS—ELECTRODES AND HYPNOSIS8. BRAINWASHING
9. HUMAN ECOLOGY
10. THE GITTINGER ASSESSMENT SYSTEM
11. HYPNOSISPART IV
CONCLUSIONS
This book has grown out of the 16,000 pages of documents that
the CIA released to me under the Freedom of Information Act. Without these
documents, the best investigative reporting in the world could not have produced
a book, and the secrets of CIA mind-control work would have remained buried
forever, as the men who knew them had always intended. From the documentary
base, I was able to expand my knowledge through interviews and readings in the
behavioral sciences. Nevertheless, the final result is not the whole story of
the CIA's attack on the mind. Only a few insiders could have written that, and
they choose to remain silent. I have done the best I can to make the book as
accurate as possible, but I have been hampered by the refusal of most of the
principal characters to be interviewed and by the CIA's destruction in 1973 of
many of the key documents.
I want to extend special thanks to the congressional sponsors
of the Freedom of Information Act. I would like to think that they had my kind
of research in mind when they passed into law the idea that information about
the government belongs to the people, not to the bureaucrats. I am also grateful
to the CIA officials who made what must have been a rather unpleasant decision
to release the documents and to those in the Agency who worked on the actual
mechanics of release. From my point of view, the system has worked extremely
well.
I must acknowledge that the system worked almost not at all
during the first six months of my three-year Freedom of Information struggle.
Then in late 1975, Joseph Petrillo and Timothy Sullivan, two skilled and
energetic lawyers with the firm of Fried, Frank, Shriver, Harris and Kampelman,
entered the case. I had the distinct impression that the government attorneys
took me much more seriously when my requests for documents started arriving on
stationery with all those prominent partners at the top. An author should not
need lawyers to write a book, but I would have had great difficulty without
mine. I greatly appreciate their assistance.
What an author does need is editors, a publisher,
researchers, consultants, and friends, and I have been particularly blessed with
good ones. My very dear friend Taylor Branch edited the book, and I continue to
be impressed with his great skill in making my ideas and language coherent.
Taylor has also served as my agent, and in this capacity, too, he has done me
great service.
I had a wonderful research team, without which I never could
have sifted through the masses of material and run down leads in so many places.
I thank them all, and I want to acknowledge their contributions. Diane St. Clair
was the mainstay of the group. She put together a system for filing and
cross-indexing that worked beyond all expectations. (Special thanks to Newsday's
Bob Greene, whose suggestions for organizing a large investigation came to us
through the auspices of Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc.) Not until a
week before the book was finally finished did I fail to find a document which I
needed; naturally, it was something I had misfiled myself. Diane also
contributed greatly to the Cold War chapter. Richard Sokolow made similar
contributions to the Mushroom and Safehouse chapters. His work was solid, and
his energy boundless. Jay Peterzell delved deeply into Dr. Cameron's "depatterning"
work in Montreal and stayed with it when others might have quit. Jay also did
first-rate studies of brainwashing and sensory deprivation. Jim Mintz and Ken
Cummins provided excellent assistance in the early research stage.
The Center for National Security Studies, under my good
friend Robert Borosage, provided physical support and research aid, and I would
like to express my appreciation. My thanks also to Morton Halperin who continued
the support when he became director of the Center. I also appreciated the help
of Penny Bevis, Hannah Delaney, Florence Oliver, Aldora Whitman, Nick Fiore, and
Monica Andres.
My sister, Dr. Patricia Greenfield, did excellent work on the
CIA's interface with academia and on the Personality Assessment System. I want
to acknowledge her contribution to the book and express my thanks and love.
There has been a whole galaxy of people who have provided
specialized help, and I would like to thank them all: Jeff Kohan, Eddie Becker,
Sam Zuckerman, Matthew Messelson, Julian Robinson, Milton Kline, Marty Lee, M.
J. Conklin, Alan Scheflin, Bonnie Goldstein, Paul Avery, Bill Mills, John Lilly,
Humphrey Osmond, Julie Haggerty, Patrick Oster, Norman Kempster, Bill Richards,
Paul Magnusson, Andy Sommer, Mark Cheshire, Sidney Cohen, Paul Altmeyer, Fred
and Elsa Kleiner, Dr. John Cavanagh, and Senator James Abourezk and his staff.
I sent drafts of the first ten chapters to many of the people
I interviewed (and several who refused to be interviewed). My aim was to have
them correct any inaccuracies or point out material taken out of context. The
comments of those who responded aided me considerably in preparing the final
book. My thanks for their assistance to Albert Hofmann, Telford Taylor, Leo
Alexander, Walter Langer, John Stockwell, William Hood, Samuel Thompson, Sidney
Cohen, Milton Greenblatt, Gordon Wasson, James Moore, Laurence Hinkle, Charles
Osgood, John Gittinger (for Chapter 10 only), and all the others who asked not
to be identified.
Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to my
publisher, Times Books, and especially to my editor John J. Simon. John, Tom
Lipscomb, Roger Jellinek, Gyorgyi Voros, and John Gallagher all believed in this
book from the beginning and provided outstanding support. Thanks also go to
Judith H. McQuown, who copyedited the manuscript, and Rosalyn T. Badalamenti,
Times Books' Production Editor, who oversaw the whole production process.
John Marks Washington, D.C. October 26, 1978 |