The Elements

Name

Sym

Atomic Number

Group

Crystal Structure

Atomic Weight

Shells

Orbitals

Valence

Melting Point

Boiling Point

Electro-Negativity

Covalent Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Atomic Volume

First Ionization Potential

Second Ionization Potential

Third Ionization Potential

Oxydation States

Density @ 293 K

Specific Heat

Heat of Vaporization

Heat of Fusion

Electrical Conductivity

Thermal Conductivity

Modulus of Elasticity

Coeficient of Thermal Expansion

Lattice parm

Pronounced

Name Origin

Description

Discovered By

Year

Location

Sources.

Uses

Hydrogen

Non-Metal

Hexagonal

1.00794

1s1

-255.34°C

-252.87°C

2.2

0.32 Å

1.54 (+1) Å

0.79 Å

14.4 cm³/mol

13.5984 V

±1

0.00008988 g/cm³

14.304 J/gK

0.44936 kJ/mol

0.05868 kJ/mol

0.001815 W/cmK

HI-dreh-jen

Greek: hydro (water) and genes (generate)

Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas. The most abundant element in the universe. Tenth most abundant element in the earth's crust.

Henry Cavendish

1766

England

Commercial quantities are produced by reacting superheated steam with methane or carbon. In lab work from reaction of metals with acid solutions or electrolysis.

Most hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia. Also used in balloons and in metal refining. Also used as fuel in rockets. Its two heavier isotopes are: deuterium (D) and tritium (T) used respectively for nuclear fission and fusion.

Helium

Noble Gas

Hexagonal

4.002602

1s2

-272.2°C @ 26 atmos.

-268.934°C

0.93 Å

0.49 Å

19.5 cm³/mol

24.5874 V

54.416 V

0.0001787 g/cm³

5.193 J/gK

0.0845 kJ/mol

0.00152 W/cmK

HEE-li-em

Greek: hêlios (sun).

Light, odorless, colorless, tasteless inert gas. Second most abundant element in the universe. Sixth most abundant in the earth's atmosphere.

Sir William Ramsey, Nils Langet, P.T.Cleve

1895

Scotland/Sweden

Found in natural gas deposits & in the air (5 parts per billion) Constantly lost to space; replenished by radioactive decay (alpha particles).

Used in balloons, deep sea diving & welding. Also used in very low temperature research.

Lithium

Alkali Metal

Cubic: Body centered

6.941

2,1

[He] 2s1

180.54°C

1342°C

0.98

1.23 Å

.76 (+1) Å

2.05 Å

13.10 cm³/mol

5.3917 V

76.638 V

122.451 V

0.53 g/cm³

3.6 J/gK

145.920 kJ/mol

3.00 kJ/mol

0.108 10^6/cm ohm

0.847 W/cmK

10 10³ MPa

46 10^-6 K^-1

3.5101 Å

LITH-i-em

Greek: lithos (stone).

Soft silvery-white metal. Lightest of metals. Accounts for only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.

Johann Arfwedson

1817

Sweden

Obtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the silicate mineral called spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)].

Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and ceramics. Some is used in lubricants.

Beryllium

Alkali Earth Metal

Hexagonal

9.012182

2,2

[He] 2s2

1287°C

2472°C

1.57

0.90 Å

.45 (+2) Å

1.40 Å

5.0 cm³/mol

9.3226 V

18.211 V

153.893 V

1.848 g/cm³

1.82 J/gK

292.40 kJ/mol

12.20 kJ/mol

0.313 10^6/cm ohm

2.00 W/cmK

301 10³ MPa

11.3 10^-6 K^-1

2.286 Å

3.584 Å

beh-RIL-i-em

Greek: beryllos, "beryl" (a mineral).

Hard, brittle, steel-gray metal. Lightest rigid metal. Formerly called glucinium (Gl) for its sweet but deadly taste.

Fredrich Wöhler, A.A.Bussy

1798

Germany/France

Found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride.

Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green color.

Boron

Non-Metal

Rhombohedral

10.811

2,3

[He] 2s2 2p1

2079°C

4000°C

2.04

0.82 Å

.23 (+3) Å

1.17 Å

4.6 cm³/mol

8.2980 V

25.154 V

37.93 V

2.34 g/cm³

1.02 J/gK

489.70 kJ/mol

50.20 kJ/mol

1.0e-12 10^6/cm ohm

0.270 W/cmK

441 10³ MPa

4.7 10^-6 K^-1

8.80 Å

5.05 Å

BO-ron

From Arabic and Persian words for borax.

Hard, brittle, lustrous black semimetal. Exists in the earth's crust at an average proportion of about 10 parts per million.

Sir H. Davy, J.L. Gay-Lussac, L.J. Thénard

1808

England/France

Obtained from kernite, a kind of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O). High purity boron is produced by electrolysis of molten potassium fluroborate and potassium chloride (KCl).

Used with titanium & tungsten to make heat resistant alloys for jets & rockets.

Carbon

Non-Metal

Hexagonal

12.011

2,4

[He] 2s2 2p2

2,3,4

3825°C (Sublimes)

4827°C

2.55

0.77 Å

.16 (+4) Å

0.91 Å

4.58 cm³/mol

11.2603 V

24.383 V

47.887 V

(±4),2

2.62 g/cm³

0.71 J/gK

355.80 kJ/mol

0.00061 10^6/cm ohm

1.29 W/cmK

7 10³ MPa

1.0 10^-6 K^-1

2.4619 Å

6.7080 Å

KAR-ben

Latin: carbo, (charcoal).

Allotropic forms include diamonds and graphite. Sixth most abundant element in the universe.

Known to the ancients

Unknown

Made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen.

For making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects.

Nitrogen

Non-Metal

Hexagonal

14.00674

2,5

[He] 2s2 2p3

3,5

-209.86°C

-195.8°C

3.04

0.75 Å

1.71 (-3) Å

0.75 Å

17.3 cm³/mol

14.5341 V

29.601 V

47.448 V

(±3),5,4,±2,±1

0.0012506 g/cm³

1.04 J/gK

2.7928 kJ/mol

0.3604 kJ/mol

0.0002598 W/cmK

240 10^-6 K^-1

NYE-treh-gen

Greek: nitron and genes, (soda forming).

Colorless, odorless, tasteless, generally inert gas. Fifth most abundant element in the universe. Makes up about 78% of earth's atmosphere.

Daniel Rutherford

1772

Scotland

Obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation.

Primarily to produce ammonia and other fertilizers. Also used in making nitric acid, which is used in explosives. Also used in welding and enhanced oil recovery.

Oxygen

Non-Metal

Cubic

15.9994

2,6

[He] 2s2 2p4

-218.4°C

-182.962°C

3.44

0.73 Å

1.40 (-2) Å

0.65 Å

14.0 cm³/mol

13.6181 V

35.117 V

54.934 V

-2

0.001429 g/cm³

0.92 J/gK

3.4099 kJ/mol

0.22259 kJ/mol

0.0002674 W/cmK

780 10^-6 K^-1

OK-si-jen

Greek: oxys and genes, (acid former).

Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; pale blue liquid. Third most abundant element in the universe. It is the most abundant element in the earth's crust, and makes up almost 21% of the atmosphere.

Joseph Priestly, Carl Wilhelm Scheele

1774

England/Sweden

Obtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electrolysis of water or heating potassium chlorate (KClO3) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) catalyst.

Used in steel making, welding, and supporting life. Naturally occuring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation.

Fluorine

Halogen

Cubic

18.9984032

2,7

[He] 2s2 2p5

-219.62°C

-188.14°C

3.98

0.72 Å

1.33 (-1) Å

0.57 Å

12.6 cm³/mol

17.4228 V

34.97 V

62.707 V

-1

0.001696 g/cm³

0.82 J/gK

3.2698 kJ/mol

0.2552 kJ/mol

0.000279 W/cmK

1800 10^-6 K^-1

FLU-eh-reen

Latin: fluere (flow).

Greenish-yellow, pungent, corrosive gas. Extremely reactive. Does not occur uncombined in nature.

Henri Moissan

1886

France

Found in the minerals fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite(Na3AlF6). Electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid (HF) or potassium acid fluoride (KHF2) is the only practical method of commercial production.

Used in refrigerants and other fluorocarbons. Also in toothpaste as sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride (SnF2); also in Teflon.

Neon

Noble Gas

Cubic: Face centered

20.1797

2,8

[He] 2s2 2p6

-248.67°C

-246.048°C

0.71 Å

0.51 Å

17.3 cm³/mol

21.5645 V

40.962 V

63.45 V

0.0008999 g/cm³

0.904 J/gK

1.7326 kJ/mol

0.3317 kJ/mol

0.000493 W/cmK

1900 10^-6 K^-1

NEE-on

Greek: neos (new).

Colorless, odorless, tasteless inert gas. Fourth most abundant element in the universe and fifth most abundant in the earth's atmosphere (18.18 ppm).

Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers

1898

England

Obtained from production of liquid air as a byproduct of producing liquid oxygen and nitrogen.

Primarily for lighting.

Sodium

Alkali Metal

Cubic: Body centered

22.989768

2,8,1

[Ne] 3s1

97.81°C

882.9°C

0.93

1.54 Å

1.02 (+1) Å

2.23 Å

23.7 cm³/mol

5.1391 V

47.286 V

71.641 V

0.971 g/cm³

1.23 J/gK

96.960 kJ/mol

2.598 kJ/mol

0.210 10^6/cm ohm

1.41 W/cmK

5 10³ MPa

71 10^-6 K^-1

4.2908 Å

SO-di-em

Medieval Latin: sodanum, (headache remedy); symbol from Latin natrium, (sodium carbonate).

Soft silvery-white metal. Sixth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Burns in air with a brilliant white flame.

Sir Humphrey Davy

1807

England

Obtained by electrolysis of melted sodium chloride (salt), borax and cryolite.

There are few uses for the pure metal, however its compounds are used in medicine, agriculture and photography. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is table salt. Liquid sodium is sometimes used to cool nuclear reactors.

Magnesium

Alkali Earth Metal

Hexagonal

24.305

2,8,2

[Ne] 3s2

648.8°C

1090°C

1.31

1.36 Å

.72 (+2) Å

1.72 Å

13.97 cm³/mol

7.6462 V

15.035 V

80.143 V

1.738 g/cm³

1.02 J/gK

127.40 kJ/mol

8.954 kJ/mol

0.226 10^6/cm ohm

1.56 W/cmK

44.4 10³ MPa

24.8 10^-6 K^-1

3.2095 Å

5.2107 Å

mag-NEE-zih-em

From Magnesia ancient city in district of Thessaly, Greece.

Lightweight, malleable, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the universe. Seventh most abundant element in the earth's crust.

Sir Humphrey Davy

1808

England

Usually obtained by electrolysis of melted magnesium chloride (MgCl2) found in sea water. Each cubic mile of seawater contains about 12 billion pounds of magnesium.

Used in alloys to make airplanes, missiles and other uses for light metals. Has structural properties similar to aluminium. But since it is flammable at temperatures of burning gasoline, its uses are limited.

Aluminum

Metal

Cubic: Face centered

26.981539

2,8,3

[Ne] 3s2 3p1

660.37°C

2519°C

1.5

1.18 Å

.54 (+3) Å

1.82 Å

10.0 cm³/mol

5.9858 V

18.828 V

28.447 V

2.702 g/cm³

0.90 J/gK

293.40 kJ/mol

10.790 kJ/mol

0.377 10^6/cm ohm

2.37 W/cmK

70.5 10³ MPa

23.1 10^-6 K^-1

4.0497 Å

ah-LOO-men-em

Latin: alumen, aluminis, (alum).

Soft, lightweight, silvery-white metal. Third most abundant element in the earth's crust.

Hans Christian Oersted

1825

Denmark

Never occurs in free form. Obtained by electrolysis from bauxite (Al2O3).

Used for many purposes from airplanes to beverage cans. Too soft in its pure form so less than 1% of silicon or iron is added, which hardens and strengthens it.

Silicon

Non-Metal

Cubic: Face centered

28.0855

2,8,4

[Ne] 3s2 3p2

1410°C

3265°C

1.8

1.11 Å

.26 (+4) Å

1.46 Å

12.1 cm³/mol

8.1517 V

16.345 V

33.492 V

2,(4),-4

2.33 g/cm³

0.71 J/gK

384.220 kJ/mol

50.550 kJ/mol

2.52e-12 10^6/cm ohm

1.48 W/cmK

162 10³ MPa

2.6 10^-6 K^-1

5.4309 Å

SIL-i-ken

Latin: silex, silicus, (flint).

Amorphous form is brown power; crystalline form has gray metallic appearance. Seventh most abundant element in the universe. Second most plentiful element in the earths crust.

Jöns Berzelius

1824

Sweden

Makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 °C.

Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Also the crystalline form is used in semiconductors.

Phosphorus

Non-Metal

Monoclinic

30.973762

2,8,5

[Ne] 3s2 3p3

3,5

44.1°C

277°C

2.19

1.06 Å

.17 (+5) Å

1.23 Å

17.0 cm³/mol

10.4867 V

19.725 V

30.18 V

±3,(5),7

1.82 g/cm³

0.77 J/gK

12.129 kJ/mol

0.657 kJ/mol

1.0e-17 10^6/cm ohm

0.00235 W/cmK

5 10³ MPa

127 10^-6 K^-1

3.3137 Å

10.478 Å

4.3765 Å

FOS-fer-es

Greek: phosphoros, (bringer of light).

Soft white waxy phosphorescent solid, brownish-red powder or black solid.

Hennig Brand

1669

Germany

Found most often in phosphate rock. Pure phosphorus is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke, and silica to about 1450 °C.

Used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches, and incendiary weapons. Also some applications for it and some of its compounds which glow in the dark.

Sulfur

Non-Metal

Orthorhombic

32.066

2,8,6

[Ne] 3s2 3p4

2,4,6

115.21°C

444.6°C

2.58

1.02 Å

.29 (+6) Å

1.09 Å

15.5 cm³/mol

10.3600 V

23.33 V

34.83 V

±2,4,(6)

2.07 g/cm³

0.71 J/gK

1.7175 kJ/mol

0.5e-23 10^6/cm ohm

0.00269 W/cmK

19 10³ MPa

70 10^-6 K^-1

10.4650 Å

12.8665 Å

24.4869 Å

SUL-fer

Latin: sulphur (brimstone).

Tasteless, odorless, pale yellow, brittle solid. Tenth most abundant element in the universe.

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

Found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from undergound deposits by the Frasch process.

Used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

Chlorine

Halogen

Orthorhombic

35.4527

2,8,7

[Ne] 3s2 3p5

1,3,5,7

-100.98°C

-34.6°C

3.16

0.99 Å

1.81 (-1) Å

0.97 Å

16.9 cm³/mol

12.9676 V

23.81 V

39.611 V

(±1),3,5,7

0.003214 g/cm³

0.48 J/gK

10.20 kJ/mol

3.203 kJ/mol

0.000089 W/cmK

KLOR-een

Greek: chlôros (greenish yellow).

Greenish-yellow, disagreeable gas. Never found in free form in nature.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

1774

Sweden

Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is its most common compound. Commercial quantities are produced by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (seawater or brine from salt mines).

Used in water purification, bleaches, acids and many, many other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).

Argon

Noble Gas

Cubic: Face centered

39.948

2,8,8

[Ne] 3s2 3p6

-189.2°C

-185.7°C

0.98 Å

0.88 Å

23.9 cm³/mol

15.7596 V

27.629 V

40.74 V

0.0017824 g/cm³

0.520 J/gK

6.447 kJ/mol

1.188 kJ/mol

0.0001772 W/cmK

3 10³ MPa

618 10^-6 K^-1

AR-gon

Greek: argos (inactive).

Colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas. It is the third most abundant element in the earth's atmosphere and makes up about 1%.

Sir William Ramsey, Baron Rayleigh

1894

Scotland

Continuously released into the air by decay of radioactive potassium-40. Pure form is obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air.

Used in lighting products. It is often used in filling incandescent light bulbs. Some is mixed with krypton in fluorescent lamps. Crystals in the semiconductor industry are grown in argon atmospheres.

Potassium

Alkali Metal

Cubic: Body centered

39.0983

2,8,8,1

[Ar] 4s1

63.25°C

759.9°C

0.82

2.03 Å

1.51 (+1) Å

2.77 Å

45.46 cm³/mol

4.3407 V

31.625 V

45.72 V

0.862 g/cm³

0.75 J/gK

79.870 kJ/mol

2.334 kJ/mol

0.139 10^6/cm ohm

1.024 W/cmK

2.4 10³ MPa

82 10^-6 K^-1

5.247 Å

pe-TASS-i-em

English: pot ash; symbol from Latin: kalium, (alkali).

Soft, waxy, silver-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust (20,900 ppm). Occurs only in compounds.

Sir Humphrey Davy

1807

England

Found in minerals like carnallite [(KMgCl3).6H2O] & sylvite (potassium chloride, KCL). Pure metal is produced by the reaction of hot potassium chloride and sodium vapors in a special retort.

Used as potash in making glass & soap. Also as saltpeter, potassium nitrate (KNO3) to make explosives and to color fireworks in mauve. Formerly called kalium (K). Vital to function of nerve and muscle tissures.

Calcium

Alkali Earth Metal

Cubic: Face centered

40.078

2,8,8,2

[Ar] 4s2

839°C

1484°C

1.74 Å

1.00 (+2) Å

2.23 Å

25.9 cm³/mol

6.1132 V

11.871 V

50.908 V

1.55 g/cm³

0.63 J/gK

153.60 kJ/mol

8.540 kJ/mol

0.298 10^6/cm ohm

2.00 W/cmK

21 10³ MPa

22.3 10^-6 K^-1

5.5886 Å

KAL-si-em

Latin: calx, calcis (lime).

Fairly hard, silvery-white metal. Fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust (41,500 ppm). Occurs only in compounds.

Sir Humphrey Davy

1808

England

Obtained from minerals like chalk, limestone & marble. Pure metal is produced by replacing the calcium in lime (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) with aluminium in hot, low pressure retorts.

Used by many forms of life to make shells and bones. Virtually no use for the pure metal, however two of its compounds are, lime (CaO) and gypsum (CaSO4), are in great demand by a number of industries.

Scandium

Transition Metal

Hexagonal

44.95591

2,8,9,2

[Ar] 3d1 4s2

1541°C

2830°C

1.36

1.44 Å

.75 (+3) Å

2.09 Å

15.0 cm³/mol

6.5614 V

12.80 V

24.76 V

3.0 g/cm³

0.6 J/gK

314.20 kJ/mol

14.10 kJ/mol

0.0177 10^6/cm ohm

0.158 W/cmK

80 10³ MPa

10.0 10^-6 K^-1

3.3091 Å

5.2735 Å

SKAN-di-em

Latin: Scandia, Scandinavia.

Fairly soft, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant 'rare earth' found in the earth's crust (5.0 ppm).

Lars Nilson

1879

Sweden

Occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% scandium) and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. Pure scandium is obtained as a by-product of uranium refining.

Scandium metal is used in some aerospace applications. Scandum oxide (Sc2O3) is used in the manufacture of high-intensity electric lamps. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is used in lamps that produce light having a color closely matching natural sunlight.

Titanium

Transition Metal

Hexagonal

47.88

2,8,10,2

[Ar] 3d2 4s2

2,3,4

1668°C ±10°C

3287°C

1.54

1.32 Å

.61 (+4) Å

2.00 Å

10.64 cm³/mol

6.8282 V

13.58 V

27.491 V

(4),3,2

4.50 g/cm³

0.52 J/gK

421.00 kJ/mol

15.450 kJ/mol

0.0234 10^6/cm ohm

0.219 W/cmK

110 10³ MPa

8.6 10^-6 K^-1

29512 Å

4.6845 Å

tie-TAY-ni-em

Greek: titanos (Titans).

Shiny, dark-gray metal. Ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust (5700 ppm). It can be highly polished, and is relatively immune to tarnishing.

William Gregor

1791

England

Usually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3) or rutile (TiO2). Also in Titaniferous magnetite, titanite (CaTiSiO5), and iron ores. Pure metal produced by heating TiO2 with C and Cl2 to produce TiCl4 then heated with Mg gas in Ar atmosphere.

Since it is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment that covers surfaces very well, is used in paint, rubber, paper and many others.

Vanadium

Transition Metal

Cubic: Body centered

50.9415

2,8,11,2

[Ar] 3d3 4s2

2,3,4,5

1890°C ±10°C

3407°C

1.63

1.22 Å

.54 (+5) Å

1.92 Å

8.78 cm³/mol

6.7463 V

14.65 V

29.31 V

(5),4,3,2

5.8 g/cm³

0.49 J/gK

0.452 kJ/mol

20.90 kJ/mol

0.0489 10^6/cm ohm

0.307 W/cmK

129 10³ MPa

8.4 10^-6 K^-1

3.0232 Å

veh-NAY-di-em

From Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis.

Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. Resistant to corrosion by moisture, air and most acids and alkalis at room temperature.

Nils Sefström

1830

Sweden

Found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl], and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated with Mg in Ar atmosphere.

It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and color-fixer.

Chromium

Transition Metal

Cubic: Body centered

51.9961

2,8,13,1

[Ar] 3d5 4s1

2,3,6

1857°C

2672°C

1.66

1.18 Å

.62 (+3) Å

1.85 Å

7.23 cm³/mol

6.7666 V

16.50 V

30.96 V

6,(3),2

7.19 g/cm³

0.45 J/gK

344.30 kJ/mol

16.90 kJ/mol

0.0774 10^6/cm ohm

0.937 W/cmK

259 10³ MPa

4.9 10^-6 K^-1

2.8847 Å

KROH-mi-em

Greek: chrôma (color).

Very hard, crystalline, steel-gray metal. The pure metal has a blue-white color. It is hard, brittle and corrsion-resistant at normal temperatures.

Louis Vauquelin

1797

France

Chromite [Fe,Mg(CrO4)] is its most important mineral. Produced commercially by heating its ore in the presence of silicon or aluminium.

Used to make stainless steel. It gives the color to rubies and emeralds. Iron-nickel-chromium alloys in various percentages yield an incredible variety of the most important metals in modern technology.

Manganese

Transition Metal

Cubic: Body centered

54.93805

2,8,13,2

[Ar] 3d5 4s2

1,2,3,4,6,7

1244°C

2061°C

1.55

1.17 Å

.67 (+2) Å

1.79 Å

7.39 cm³/mol

7.4340 V

15.64 V

33.667 V

7,6,4,(2),3

7.43 g/cm³

0.48 J/gK

226.0 kJ/mol

12.050 kJ/mol

0.00695 10^6/cm ohm

0.0782 W/cmK

198 10³ MPa

21.7 10^-6 K^-1

8.9142 Å

MAN-ge-nees

Latin: magnes (magnet); Italian: manganese.

Hard, brittle, gray-white metal with a pinkish tinge. Rusts like iron in moist air.

Johann Gahn

1774

Sweden

Most abundant ores are pyrolusite (MnO2), psilomelane [(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10] and rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Pure metal produced by mixing MnO2 with powered Al and ignited in a furnace.

Used in steel, batteries and ceramics. The steel in railroad tracks can contain as much as 1.2% manganese. It is crucial to the effectiveness of vitamin B1.

Iron

Transition Metal

Cubic: Body centered

55.847

2,8,14,2

[Ar] 3d6 4s2

2,3,4,6

1535°C

2861°C

1.83

1.17 Å

.55 (+3) Å

1.72 Å

7.1 cm³/mol

7.9024 V

16.18 V

30.651 V

2,(3)

7.86 g/cm³

0.44 J/gK

349.60 kJ/mol

13.80 kJ/mol

0.0993 10^6/cm ohm

0.802 W/cmK

211 10³ MPa

11.8 10^-6 K^-1

2.8665 Å

EYE-ern

Anglo-Saxon: iron; symbol from Latin: ferrum (iron).

Malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal. Fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust (56,300 ppm). Ninth most abundant element in the universe.

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

Obtained from iron ores. Pure metal produced in blast furnaces by layering limestone, coke and iron ore and forcing hot gasses into the bottom. This heats the coke red hot and the iron is reduced from its oxides and liquified where it flows to the bottom

Used in steel and other alloys. Essential for humans. It is the chief constituent of hemoglobin which carries oxygen in blood vessels. Its oxides are used in magnetic tapes and disks.

Cobalt

Transition Metal

Hexagonal

58.9332

2,8,15,2

[Ar] 3d7 4s2

2,3

1495°C

2927°C

1.88

1.16 Å

.65 (+2) Å

1.67 Å

6.7 cm³/mol

7.8810 V

17.06 V

33.50 V

(2),3

8.90 g/cm³

0.42 J/gK

376.50 kJ/mol

16.190 kJ/mol

0.172 10^6/cm ohm

1.00 W/cmK

208 10³ MPa

13 10^-6 K^-1

2.507 Å

4.070 Å

KO-bolt

German: kobold (goblin).

Hard, ductile, lustrous bluish-gray metal. Exists in the earth's curst in cocentrations of about 25 ppm. It has remarkable magnetic properties.

George Brandt

1739

Sweden

Occurs in compounds with arsenic, oxygen and sulfur as in cobaltine (CoAsS) and linneite (Co3S4). Pure cobalt is obtained as a byproduct of refining nickel, copper and iron.

Used in many hard alloys; for magnets, ceramics and special glasses. Remains hard up to 982°C. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used in cancer therapy.

Nickel

Transition Metal

Cubic: Face centered

58.6934

2,8,16,2

[Ar] 3d8 4s2

0,1,2,3

1453°C

2913°C

1.91

1.15 Å

.69 (+2) Å

1.62 Å

6.59 cm³/mol

7.6398 V

18.168 V

35.17 V

(2),3

8.90 g/cm³

0.44 J/gK

370.40 kJ/mol

17.470 kJ/mol

0.143 10^6/cm ohm

0.907 W/cmK

208 10³ MPa

13.4 10^-6 K^-1

3.5239 Å

NIK-l

German: kupfernickel (false copper).

Hard, malleable, silvery-white metal. Found in the earth's crust in portions averaging 70 ppm. It can be polished to a lustrous finish. Virtually no corrosion under normal conditions.

Axel Cronstedt

1751

Sweden

Chiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a blast furnace which replaces the sulfur with oxygen. The oxides are then treated with an acid that reacts with the iron not the nickel.

Used in electroplating and metal alloys because of its resistance to corrosion. Also in nickel-cadmium batteries; as a catalyst and for coins.

Copper

Transition Metal

Cubic: Face centered

63.546

2,8,18,1

[Ar] 3d10 4s1

1,2

1083°C

2567°C

1.9

1.17 Å

.73 (+2) Å

1.57 Å

7.1 cm³/mol

7.7264 V

20.292 V

36.83 V

(2),1

8.96 g/cm³

0.38 J/gK

300.30 kJ/mol

13.050 kJ/mol

0.596 10^6/cm ohm

4.01 W/cmK

124 10³ MPa

16.5 10^-6 K^-1

3.6148 Å

KOP-er

Symbol from Latin: cuprum (island of Cyprus famed for its copper mines).

Malleable, ductile, reddish-brown metal.

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

Pure copper occurs rarely in nature. Usually found in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline (CuS), chalcosine (Cu2S) or oxides like cuprite (Cu2O).

Most often used as an electrical conductor. Also used in the manufacture of water pipes. Its alloys are used in jewelry and for coins.

Zinc

Metal

Hexagonal

65.39

2,8,18,2

[Ar] 3d10 4s2

419.58°C

907°C

1.65

1.25 Å

.74 (+2) Å

1.53 Å

9.2 cm³/mol

9.3941 V

17.964 V

39.722 V

7.14 g/cm³

0.39 J/gK

115.30 kJ/mol

7.322 kJ/mol

0.166 10^6/cm ohm

1.16 W/cmK

95 10³ MPa

30.2 10^-6 K^-1

2.6650 Å

4.9470 Å

ZINK

German: zink (German for tin).

Bluish-silver, ductile metal.

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

Germany

Found in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite (ZnCO3), willemite, and zincite (ZnO).

Used to coat other metal (galvanizing) to protect them from rusting. Also used in alloys such as brass, bronze, nickel. Also in solder, cosmetics and pigments.

Gallium

Metal

Orthorhombic

69.723

2,8,18,3

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1

2,3

29.78°C

2204°C

1.81

1.26 Å

.62 (+3) Å

1.81 Å

11.8 cm³/mol

5.9993 V

20.51 V

30.71 V

5.907 g/cm³

0.37 J/gK

258.70 kJ/mol

5.590 kJ/mol

0.0678 10^6/cm ohm

0.406 W/cmK

11 10³ MPa

19.7 10^-6 K^-1

4.523 Å

7.661 Å

4.524 Å

GAL-i-em

Latin: Gallia (France).

Soft, blue-white metal.

Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran

1875

France

Found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal.

Used in semiconductor production. It us used in making LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and GaAs laser diodes.

Germanium

Metal

Cubic: Face centered

72.61

2,8,18,4

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2

2,4

937.4°C

2830°C

2.01

1.22 Å

.53 (+4) Å

1.52 Å

13.6 cm³/mol

7.900 V

15.934 V

34.22 V

(4),2

5.323 g/cm³

0.32 J/gK

330.90 kJ/mol

36.940 kJ/mol

1.45e-8 10^6/cm ohm

0.599 W/cmK

115 10³ MPa

5.7 10^-6 K^-1

5.677 Å

jer-MAY-ni-em

Latin: Germania (Germany).

Grayish-white metal.

Clemens Winkler

1886

Germany

Obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead.

Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium, and antimony.

Arsenic

Non-Metal

Rhombohedral

74.92159

2,8,18,5

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3

-3,0,3,5

817°C @ 28 atmos.

Sublimes at 613°C

2.18

1.20 Å

.58 (+3) Å

1.33 Å

13.1 cm³/mol

9.8152 V

18.633 V

28.351 V

(±3),5

5.72 g/cm³

0.33 J/gK

34.760 kJ/mol

0.0345 10^6/cm ohm

0.500 W/cmK

39 10³ MPa

15.4 10^-6 K^-1

4.1319 Å

a=54° 8'

AR-s'n-ik

Greek: arsenikon; Latin: arsenicum, (both names for yellow pigment).

Steel-gray, brittle semi-metal.

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

Found in mispickel (arsenopyrite)

Many of its compounds are deadly poison and used as weed killer and rat poison. Conducts electricity. Used in semiconductors. Some compounds, called arsenides, are used in the manufacture of paints, wallpapers, and ceramics.

Selenium

Non-Metal

Hexagonal

78.96

2,8,18,6

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4

-2,4,6

217°C

684.9°C

2.55

1.16 Å

.50 (+4) Å

1.22 Å

16.45 cm³/mol

9.7524 V

21.19 V

30.82 V

-2,(4),6

4.79 g/cm³

0.32 J/gK

37.70 kJ/mol

6.694 kJ/mol

1.0e-12 10^6/cm ohm

0.0204 W/cmK

20 10³ MPa

45.0 10^-6 K^-1

4.3658 Å

4.9592 Å

si-LEE-ni-em

Greek: selênê (moon).

Soft metalloid similar to sulfur. Ranges from gray metallic to red glassy appearance.

Jöns Berzelius

1818

Sweden

Obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.

Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras, xerography machines and as a semiconductor in solar batteries and rectifiers. Also colors glass red.

Bromine

Halogen

Orthorhombic

79.904

2,8,18,7

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5

1,3,5,7

-7.2°C

58.78°C

2.96

1.14 Å

1.96 (-1) Å

1.12 Å

25.6 cm³/mol

11.8138 V

21.8 V

36.0 V

(±1),5

3.119 g/cm³

0.473 J/gK

15.438 kJ/mol

5.286 kJ/mol

0.00122 W/cmK

BRO-meen

Greek: brômos (stench).

Redish-brown liquid.

Antoine J. Balard

1826

France

Occurs in compounds in sea water.

It was once used in large quantities to make a compound that removed lead compound build up in engines burning leaded gasoline. Now it is primarily used in dyes, disinfectants, and photographic chemicals.

Krypton

Noble Gas

Cubic: Face centered

83.8

2,8,18,8

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6

-156.6°C

-152.3°C

1.12 Å

1.03 Å

38.9 cm³/mol

13.9996 V

24.359 V

36.95 V

0.003708 g/cm³

0.248 J/gK

9.029 kJ/mol

1.638 kJ/mol

0.0000949 W/cmK

425 10^-6 K^-1

KRIP-ton

Greek: kryptos (hidden).

Colorless, odorless, tasteless rare noble gas.

Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers

1898

Great Britain

Forms 1 millionth of the atmosphere. Obtained from production of liquid air.

Used in lighting products. Some is used as inert filler-gas in incandescent bulbs. Some is mixed with argon in fluorescent lamps. The most important use is in flashing stroboscopic lamps that outline airport runways.

Rubidium

Alkali Metal

Cubic: Body centered

85.4678

2,8,18,8,1

[Kr] 5s1

1,2,3,4

38.89°C

686°C

0.82

2.16 Å

1.61 (+1) Å

2.98 Å

55.9 cm³/mol

4.1771 V

27.28 V

40.0 V

1.53 g/cm³

0.363 J/gK

72.216 kJ/mol

2.192 kJ/mol

0.0779 10^6/cm ohm

0.582 W/cmK

2.0 10³ MPa

91 10^-6 K^-1

5.70 Å

roo-BID-i-em

Latin: rubidus (deep red); the color its salts impart to flames.

Soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal.

R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff

1861

Germany

Occurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is limited. Usually obtained from lithium production.

Used as a catalyst, photocells, and vacuum and cathode-ray tubes.

Strontium

Alkali Earth Metal

Cubic: Face centered

87.62

2,8,18,8,2

[Kr] 5s2

769°C

1384°C

0.95

1.91 Å

1.26 (+2) Å

2.45 Å

33.7 cm³/mol

5.6948 V

11.03 V

43.60 V

2.6 g/cm³

0.30 J/gK

144.0 kJ/mol

8.30 kJ/mol

0.0762 10^6/cm ohm

0.353 W/cmK

15 10³ MPa

22.5 10^-6 K^-1

6.0851 Å

STRON-she-em

From the Scottish town, Strontian.

Soft, malleable, silvery-yellow metal.

A. Crawford

1790

Scotland

Found in minerals celestite and strontianite.

Used in flares and fireworks for crimson color. Strontium-90 is a long lived highly radioactive fallout product of atomic-bomb explosions.

Yttrium

Transition Metal

Hexagonal

88.90585

2,8,18,9,2

[Kr] 4d1 5s2

1522°C ±8°C

3338°C

1.22

1.62 Å

1.02 (+3) Å

2.27 Å

19.8 cm³/mol

6.217 V

12.24 V

20.52 V

4.47 g/cm³

0.30 J/gK

363.0 kJ/mol

11.40 kJ/mol

0.0166 10^6/cm ohm

0.172 W/cmK

64.4 10³ MPa

11.3 10^-6 K^-1

3.6475 Å

5.7308 Å

IT-ri-em

From the Swedish village, Ytterby, where one of its minerals was first found.

Silvery, ductile, fairly reactive metal.

Johann Gadolin

1789

Finland

Found in minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and yttria.

Combined with europium to make red phosphors for color TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a crystal garnet used in radar.

Zirconium

Transition Metal

Hexagonal

91.224

2,8,18,10,2

[Kr] 4d2 5s2

2,3,4

1852°C ±2°C

4377°C

1.33

1.45 Å

.84 (+4) Å

2.16 Å

14.1 cm³/mol

6.6339 V

13.13 V

22.99 V

6.4 g/cm³

0.27 J/gK

58.20 kJ/mol

16.90 kJ/mol

0.0236 10^6/cm ohm

0.227 W/cmK

94 10³ MPa

5.7 10^-6 K^-1

3.2313 Å

5.1479 Å

zer-KO-ni-em

From the mineral, zircon.

Gray-white, lustrous, corrosion-resistant metal.

Martin Klaproth

1789

Germany

Found in many minerals such as zircon and baddeleyite.

Used in alloys such as zircaloy which is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons. Also baddeleyite is used in lab crucibles. Used in high-performance pumps and valves. Clear zircon (ZrSiO4) is a popular gemstone.

Niobium

Transition Metal

Cubic: Body centered

92.90638

2,8,18,12,1

[Kr] 4d4 5s1

2,3,5

2468°C ±10°C

4742°C

1.6

1.34 Å

.64 (+5) Å

2.08 Å

10.87 cm³/mol

6.7589 V

14.32 V

25.04 V

(5),3

8.57 g/cm³

0.26 J/gK

682.0 kJ/mol

26.40 kJ/mol

0.0693 10^6/cm ohm

0.537 W/cmK

104 10³ MPa

7.3 10^-6 K^-1

3.3067 Å

ni-OH-bee-em

From Niobe; daughter of the mythical Greek king Tantalus.

Shiny white, soft, ductile metal.

Charles Hatchet

1801

England

Occurs in a mineral columbite. Formerly known as colombium (Cb). It is used in stainless steel alloys for nuclear reactors, jets and missiles.

Used as an alloy with iron and nickel. It can be used in nuclear reactors and is known to be superconductive when alloyed with tin, aluminum or zirconium.

Molybdenum

Transition Metal

Cubic: Body centered

95.94

2,8,18,13,1

[Kr] 4d5 5s1

2,3,6

2617°C

4612°C

2.16

1.30 Å

.59 (+6) Å

2.01 Å

9.4 cm³/mol

7.0924 V

16.461 V

27.16 V

(6),5,4,3,2

10.2 g/cm³

0.25 J/gK

598.0 kJ/mol

32.0 kJ/mol

0.187 10^6/cm ohm

1.38 W/cmK

322 10³ MPa

4.8 10^-6 K^-1

3.1469 Å

meh-LIB-deh-nem

Greek: molybdos (lead).

Hard, silvery-white metal.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

1778

Sweden

Found in the minerals molybdenite (MoS2) and wulfenite (MoO4Pb).

Its alloys are used in aircraft, missiles, and protective coatings in boiler plate.

Technetium

Transition Metal

Hexagonal

-97.9072

2,8,18,13,2

[Kr] 4d5 5s2

0,2,4,5,6,7

2172°C

4877°C

1.9

1.27 Å

1.95 Å

8.5 cm³/mol

7.28 V

15.26 V

29.54 V

(7),6,4

11.5 g/cm³

0.21 J/gK

660.0 kJ/mol

24.0 kJ/mol

0.067 10^6/cm ohm

0.506 W/cmK

380 10³ MPa

8 10^-6 K^-1

2.735 Å

4.388 Å

tek-NEE-shi-em

Greek: technêtos (artificial).

Silvery-gray metal. First synthetically produced element.

Carlo Perrier, Émillo Segrè

1937

Italy

Made first by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons (heavy hydrogen) in a cyclotron.

Added to iron in quantities as low as 55 part-per-million transforms the iron into a corrosion-resistant alloy.

Ruthenium

Transition Metal

Hexagonal

101.07

2,8,18,15,1

[Kr] 4d7 5s1

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

2334°C

4150°C

2.2

1.25 Å

.62 (+4) Å

1.89 Å

8.3 cm³/mol

7.3605 V

16.76 V

28.47 V

2,(3,4),6,8

12.2 g/cm³

0.238 J/gK

595.0 kJ/mol

24.0 kJ/mol

0.137 10^6/cm ohm

1.17 W/cmK

430 10³ MPa

6.4 10^-6 K^-1

2.7059 Å

4.2818 Å

roo-THE-ni-em

Latin: Ruthenia (Russia).

Rare, extremely brittle, silver-gray metal.

Karl Klaus

1844

Russia

Found in pentlandite and pyroxinite.

Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.

Rhodium

Transition Metal

Cubic: Face centered

102.9055

2,8,18,16,1

[Kr] 4d8 5s1

2,3,4,5,6

1966°C ±3°C

3695°C

2.28

1.25 Å

.67 (+3) Å

1.83 Å

8.3 cm³/mol

7.4589 V

18.08 V

31.06 V

2,(3),4

12.4 g/cm³

0.242 J/gK

493.0 kJ/mol

21.50 kJ/mol

0.211 10^6/cm ohm

1.50 W/cmK

330 10³ MPa

8.2 10^-6 K^-1

3.8045 Å

RO-di-em

Greek: rhodon (rose). Its salts give a rosy solution.

Hard, silvery-white metal

William Wollaston

1803

England

Obtained as a by-product of nickel production.

Used as a coating to prevent wear on high quality science equipment and with platinum to make thermocouples.

Palladium

Transition Metal

Cubic: Face centered

106.42

2,8,18,18

[Kr] 4d10

2,3,4

1552°C

2940°C

2.2

1.28 Å

.64 (+2) Å

1.79 Å

8.9 cm³/mol

8.3369 V

19.63 V

32.93 V

(2),4

12.02 g/cm³

0.24 J/gK

357.0 kJ/mol

17.60 kJ/mol

0.0950 10^6/cm ohm

0.718 W/cmK

127 10³ MPa

11.8 10^-6 K^-1

3.8908 Å

peh-LAY-di-em

Named after the asteroid, Pallas, discovered in 1803.

Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal.

William Wollaston

1803

England

Obtained with platinum, nickel, copper and mercury ores.

Used as a substitue for silver in dental items and jewelry. The pure metal is used as the delicate mainsprings in analog wristwatches. Also used in surgical instruments and as catalyst .

Silver

Transition Metal

Cubic: Face centered

107.8682

2,8,18,18,1

[Kr] 4d10 5s1

1,2

961.93°C

2162°C

1.93

1.34 Å

1.15 (+1) Å

1.75 Å

10.3 cm³/mol

7.5762 V

21.49 V

34.83 V

10.5 g/cm³

0.235 J/gK

250.580 kJ/mol

11.30 kJ/mol

0.630 10^6/cm ohm

4.29 W/cmK

80 10³ MPa

18.9 10^-6 K^-1

4.0863 Å

SIL-ver

Anglo-Saxon: siolful, (silver); symbol from Latin: argentium.

Silvery-ductile, and malleable metal

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

Found in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3AsS3), dark ruby silver(Ag3SbS3) and brittle silver.

Used in alloys for jewelry and in other compounds for photography. It is also a good conductor, but expensive.

Cadmium

Metal

Hexagonal

112.411

2,8,18,18,2

[Kr] 4d10 5s2

320.9°C

765°C

1.69

1.48 Å

.95 (+2) Å

1.71 Å

13.1 cm³/mol

8.9937 V

16.908 V

37.48 V

8.65 g/cm³

0.23 J/gK

99.570 kJ/mol

6.192 kJ/mol

0.138 10^6/cm ohm

0.968 W/cmK

62 10³ MPa

30.8 10^-6 K^-1

2.9789 Å

5.6169 Å

KAD-me-em

Greek: kadmeia (ancient name for calamine (zinc oxide)).

Soft, malleable, blue-white metal.

Fredrich Stromeyer

1817

Germany

Obtained as a by product of zinc refining.

Used in nickel-cadmium batteries. Also in electroplating steel and in the manufacture of berings. Its compounds are found in paint pigments and a wide variety of intense colors. Boiling cadmium gives off a weird, yellow-colored vapor that is poisonous.

Indium

Metal

Tetragonal

114.818

2,8,18,18,3

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1

1,2,3

156.61°C

2080°C

1.78

1.44 Å

.80 (+3) Å

2.00 Å

15.7 cm³/mol

5.7864 V

18.869 V

28.03 V

7.31 g/cm³

0.23 J/gK

231.50 kJ/mol

3.263 kJ/mol

0.116 10^6/cm ohm

0.816 W/cmK

14 10³ MPa

32.1 10^-6 K^-1

4.5981 Å

4.9469 Å

IN-di-em

Latin: indicum (color indigo), the color it shows in a spectroscope.

Rare, very soft, silver-white metal

Ferdinand Reich, T. Richter

1863

Germany

Found in certain zinc ores.

Used to coat high speed bearings and as an alloy that lowers the melting point of other metals. Relativly small amounts are used in dental items and in electronic semiconductors.

Tin

Metal

Tetragonal

118.71

2,8,18,18,4

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2

2,4

231.97°C

2602°C

1.96

1.41 Å

.71 (+4) Å

1.72 Å

16.3 cm³/mol

7.3438 V

14.632 V

30.502 V

(4),2

7.30 g/cm³

0.227 J/gK

295.80 kJ/mol

7.029 kJ/mol

0.0917 10^6/cm ohm

0.666 W/cmK

50 10³ MPa

22.0 10^-6 K^-1

5.8317 Å

TIN

Named after Etruscan god, Tinia; symbol from Latin: stannum (tin).

Silvery-white, soft, malleable and ductile metal.

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

Principally found in the ore cassiterite(SnO2) and stannine (Cu2FeSnS4).

Used as a coating for steel cans since it is nontoxic and noncorrosive. Also in solder (33%Sn:67%Pb), bronze (20%Sn:80%Cu), and pewter. Stannous fluoride (SnF2), a compound of tin and fluorine is used in some toothpaste.

Antimony

Metal

Rhombohedral

121.757

2,8,18,18,5

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3

0,-3,3,5

630.74°C

1587°C

2.05

1.40 Å

.76 (+3) Å

1.53 Å

18.23 cm³/mol

8.64 V

16.53 V

25.30 V

(±3),5

6.684 g/cm³

0.21 J/gK

77.140 kJ/mol

19.870 kJ/mol

0.0288 10^6/cm ohm

0.243 W/cmK

67 10³ MPa

11.0 10^-6 K^-1

4.5069 Å

a=57° 6'27"

AN-teh-MOH-ni

Greek: anti and monos (not alone); symbol from mineral stibnite.

Hard, brittle, silvery-white semimetal.

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

Found in stibnite (Sb2S3) and in valentinite (Sb2O3).

It is alloyed with other metals to increase their hardness. Also in the manufacture of a few special types of semiconductor devices. Also in plastics and chemicals. A few kinds of over-the-counter cold and flu remedies use antimony compounds.

Tellurium

Non-Metal

Hexagonal

127.6

2,8,18,18,6

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4

2,4,6

449.5°C

989.9°C

2.1

1.36 Å

.97 (+4) Å

1.42 Å

20.5 cm³/mol

9.0096 V

18.60 V

27.96 V

-2,(4),6

6.24 g/cm³

0.20 J/gK

52.550 kJ/mol

17.490 kJ/mol

2.0e-6 10^6/cm ohm

0.0235 W/cmK

40 10³ MPa

18.8 10^-6 K^-1

4.4568 Å

5.9270 Å

te-LOOR-i-em

Latin: tellus (earth).

Silvery-white, brittle simi-metal.

Franz Müller von Reichenstein

1782

Romania

Obtained as a by-product of copper and lead refining.

Used to improve the machining quality of copper and stainless steel products and to color glass and ceramics. Also in thermoelectric devices. Some is used in the rubber industry and it is a basic ingredient in manufacturing blasting caps.

Iodine

Halogen

Orthorhombic

126.90447

2,8,18,18,7

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5

1,3,5,7

113.5°C

184.35°C @ 35 atmos.

2.66

1.33 Å

2.20 (-1) Å

1.32 Å

25.74 cm³/mol

10.4513 V

19.131 V

33.0 V

(±1),5,7

4.93 g/cm³

0.214 J/gK

20.752 kJ/mol

7.824 kJ/mol

8.0e-16 10^6/cm ohm

0.00449 W/cmK

87 10^-6 K^-1

4.79 Å

7.25 Å

9.78 Å

EYE-eh-dine

Greek: iôeides (violet colored).

Shiny, black, non-metalic solid; as a gas it is violet and intensely irritating to the eyes, nose and throat.

Bernard Courtois

1811

France

Occurs on land and in the sea in sodium and potassium compounds.

Required in small amounts by humans. Once used as an antiseptic, but no longer due to its poisonous nature.

Xenon

Noble Gas

Cubic: Face centered

131.29

2,8,18,18,8

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6

-111.9°C

-107.1°C

1.31 Å

1.24 Å

37.3 cm³/mol

12.1299 V

21.21 V

32.10 V

0.00588 g/cm³

0.158 J/gK

12.636 kJ/mol

2.297 kJ/mol

0.0000569 W/cmK

253 10^-6 K^-1

ZEE-non

Greek: xenos (strange).

Heavy, colorless, odorless, noble gas.

Sir William Ramsay; M. W. Travers

1898

England

Obtain from the small quantities in liquid air.

Used for filling flash lamps and other powerful lamps. Electrical excitation of xenon produces a burst of brilliant whtie light. Also used in bubble chambers and modern nuclear power reactors.

Cesium

Alkali Metal

Cubic: Body centered

132.90543

2,8,18,18,8,1

[Xe] 6s1

28.4°C

669.3°C

0.79

2.35 Å

1.74 (+1) Å

3.34 Å

71.07 cm³/mol

3.8939 V

25.10 V

1.873 g/cm³

0.24 J/gK

67.740 kJ/mol

2.092 kJ/mol

0.0489 10^6/cm ohm

0.359 W/cmK

1.8 10³ MPa

100 10^-6 K^-1

6.0797 Å

SEE-zi-em

Latin: coesius (sky blue); for the blue lines of its spectrum.

Very soft, light gray, ductile metal.

Gustov Kirchoff, Robert Bunsen

1860

Germany

Found in pollucite [(Cs4Al4Si9O26).H2O] and as trace in lepidolite.

Used as a 'getter' to remove air traces in vacuum and cathode-ray tubes. Also used in producing photoelectric devices and atomic clocks. Since it ionizes readily, it is used as an ion rocket motor propellant.

Barium

Alkali Earth Metal

Cubic: Body centered

137.327

2,8,18,18,8,2

[Xe] 6s2

725°C

1897°C

0.89

1.98 Å

1.42 (+2) Å

2.78 Å

39.24 cm³/mol

5.2117 V

10.004 V

3.51 g/cm³

0.204 J/gK

142.0 kJ/mol

7.750 kJ/mol

0.030 10^6/cm ohm

0.184 W/cmK

13 10³ MPa

20.6 10^-6 K^-1

5.013 Å

BAR-i-em

Greek: barys (heavy or dense).

Soft, slightly malleable, silvery-white metal.

Sir Humphrey Davy

1808

England

Found in barytine (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3), never found in pure form due to its reactivity. Must be stored under kerosene to remain pure.

Barite, or barium sulfate (BaSO4), when ground is used as a filter for rubber, plastics, and resins. It is insoluable in water and so is used in X-rays of the digestive system. Barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, burns brilliant green and is used in fireworks.

Lanthanum

Transition Metal

Hexagonal

138.9055

2,8,18,18,9,2

[Xe] 5d1 6s2

918°C

3464°C

1.1

1.69 Å

1.16 (+3) Å

2.74 Å

20.73 cm³/mol

5.5770 V

11.059 V

19.174 V

6.7 g/cm³

0.19 J/gK

414.0 kJ/mol

6.20 kJ/mol

0.0126 10^6/cm ohm

0.135 W/cmK

50 10³ MPa

5.2 10^-6 K^-1

3.770 Å

12.159 Å

LAN-the-nem

Greek: lanthanein (to be hidden).

Soft, silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal.

Carl Mosander

1839

Sweden

Found with rare earths in monazite and bastnasite. Monazite sand typicall contains 25% lanthanum.

It is used in the electodes of high-intensity, carbon-arc lights. Also used in the production of high-grade europium metal. Because it gives glass refractive properties, it is used in expensive camera lenses.

Cerium

Rare Earth

Cubic: Face centered

140.115

2,8,18,20,8,2

[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2

3,4

798°C ±3°C

3433°C

1.12

1.65 Å

1.14 (+3) Å

2.70 Å

20.67 cm³/mol

5.5387 V

10.851 V

20.20 V

(3),4

6.78 g/cm³

0.19 J/gK

414.0 kJ/mol

5.460 kJ/mol

0.0115 10^6/cm ohm

0.114 W/cmK

30 10³ MPa

5.2 10^-6 K^-1

5.1603 Å

SER-i-em

Named after the asteroid, Ceres, discovered two years before the element.

Malleable, ductile, iron-gray metal.

W. von Hisinger, J. Berzelius, M. Klaproth

1803

Sweden/Germany

Most abundant rare earth metal. Found in many minerals like monazite sand [Ce(PO4)].

Its oxides are used in the optics and glass-making industries. Its salts are used in the photography and textile industry. Used in high-intensity carbon lamps and as alloying agents in special metals.

Praseodymium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

140.90765

2,8,18,21,8,2

[Xe] 4f3 6s2

931°C

3520°C

1.13

1.65 Å

1.13 (+3) Å

2.67 Å

20.8 cm³/mol

5.464 V

10.551 V

21.62 V

(3,4)

6.77 g/cm³

0.19 J/gK

296.80 kJ/mol

6.890 kJ/mol

0.0148 10^6/cm ohm

0.125 W/cmK

50 10³ MPa

5.4 10^-6 K^-1

3.6726 Å

11.8358 Å

pra-si-eh-DIM-i-em

Greek: prasios and didymos (green twin); from its green salts.

Silvery white, moderately soft, malleable, ductile metal.

C.F. Aver von Welsbach

1885

Austria

Obtained from same salts as neodymium.

Used with neodymium to make lenses for glass maker's goggles since it filters out the yellow light present in glass blowing. Alloyed with magnesium creates a high-strength metal used in aircraft engines. Makes up 5% of Mich metal.

Neodymium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

144.24

2,8,18,22,8,2

[Xe] 4f4 6s2

1021°C

3074°C

1.14

1.64 Å

2.64 Å

20.6 cm³/mol

5.5250 V

10.727 V

22.076 V

7.0 g/cm³

0.19 J/gK

273.0 kJ/mol

7.140 kJ/mol

0.0157 10^6/cm ohm

0.165 W/cmK

38 10³ MPa

6.9 10^-6 K^-1

3.6580 Å

nee-eh-DIM-i-em

Greek: neos and didymos (new twin).

Silvery-white, rare-earth metal that oxidizes easily in air.

C.F. Aver von Welsbach

1925

Austria

Made from electrolysis of its halide salts, which are made from monazite sand.

Used in making artificial ruby for lasers. Also in ceramics and for a special lens with praseodymium. Also to produce bright purple glass and special glass that filters infrared radiation. Makes up 18% of Mich metal, which is used in making steel.

Promethium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

-144.9127

2,8,18,23,8,2

[Xe] 4f5 6s2

1042 °C

3000 °C (estimated)

1.13

1.63 Å

1.09 (+3) Å

2.62 Å

22.39 cm³/mol

5.55 V

10.903 V

22.283 V

6.475 g/cm³

0.18 J/gK

0.179 W/cmK

42 10³ MPa

pro-MEE-thi-em

Named for the Greek god, Prometheus.

Rare earth metal of synthetic origin on the earth, naturally made in stars.

J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell

1945

United States

Does not occur naturally. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.

It has been used as a source of radioactivity for thickness-measuring gages.

Samarium

Rare Earth

Rhombohedral

150.36

2,8,18,24,8,2

[Xe] 4f6 6s2

2,3

1074°C

1794°C

1.17

1.62 Å

1.08 (+3) Å

2.59 Å

19.95 cm³/mol

5.6437 V

11.069 V

23.423 V

(3),2

7.54 g/cm³

0.20 J/gK

166.40 kJ/mol

8.630 kJ/mol

0.00956 10^6/cm ohm

0.133 W/cmK

45 10³ MPa

8.996 Å

a=23° 13'

seh-MER-i-em

Named after the mineral samarskite.

Silvery rare earth metal.

Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran

1879

France

Found with other rare earths in monazite sand. The sand is often 50% rare earths by weight and 2.8% samarium.

It is used in the electronics and ceramics industries. It is easily magnetized and very difficult to demagnetize. This suggests important future applications in solid-state and superconductor technologies.

Europium

Rare Earth

Cubic: Body centered

151.965

2,8,18,25,8,2

[Xe] 4f7 6s2

2,3

822°C

1527°C

1.2

1.85 Å

1.07 (+3) Å

2.56 Å

28.9 cm³/mol

5.6704 V

11.245 V

24.926 V

(3),2

5.259 g/cm³

0.18 J/gK

143.50 kJ/mol

9.210 kJ/mol

0.0112 10^6/cm ohm

0.139 W/cmK

15 10³ MPa

41 10^-6 K^-1

4.5822 Å

yoo-RO-pi-em

Named for the continent of Europe.

Soft, silvery-white metal.

Eugène Demarçay

1901

France

Obtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of calcium, thorium, cerium, and most other rare earths.

Used with yttrium oxide to make red phosphors for color televisions.

Gadolinium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

157.25

2,8,18,25,9,2

[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2

1313°C

3273°C

1.2

1.61 Å

1.05 (+3) Å

2.54 Å

19.9 cm³/mol

6.1500 V

12.095 V

20.635 V

7.895 g/cm³

0.23 J/gK

359.40 kJ/mol

10.050 kJ/mol

0.00736 10^6/cm ohm

0.106 W/cmK

55 10³ MPa

-2 10^-6 K^-1

3.6361 Å

5.7828 Å

GAD-eh-LIN-i-em

Named after the mineral gadolinite.

Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal.

Jean de Marignac

1880

Switzerland

Found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand.

Used in steel alloying agents and the manufacture of electronic components.

Terbium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

158.92534

2,8,18,27,8,2

[Xe] 4f9 6s2

3,4

1356°C

3230°C

1.2

1.59 Å

1.18 (+3) Å

2.51 Å

19.2 cm³/mol

5.8639 V

11.525 V

21.91 V

(3),4

8.27 g/cm³

0.18 J/gK

330.90 kJ/mol

10.80 kJ/mol

0.00889 10^6/cm ohm

0.111 W/cmK

57 10³ MPa

9.4 10^-6 K^-1

3.6011 Å

5.6938 Å

TUR-bi-em

Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden.

Soft, ductile, silvery-gray, rare earth metal.

Carl Mosander

1843

Sweden

Found with other rare earths in monazite sand, which typically contain 0.03% terbium. Other sources are xenotime and euxenite, both of which are oxide mixtures that can contain up to 1% terbium.

It is used in modest amounts in special lasers and solid-state devices.

Dysprosium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

162.5

2,8,18,28,8,2

[Xe] 4f10 6s2

1412°C

2567°C

1.22

1.59 Å

1.03 (+3) Å

2.49 Å

19.0 cm³/mol

5.9389 V

11.67 V

22.802 V

8.536 g/cm³

0.17 J/gK

230.0 kJ/mol

11.060 kJ/mol

0.0108 10^6/cm ohm

0.107 W/cmK

63 10³ MPa

9.6 10^-6 K^-1

3.5904 Å

5.6477 Å

dis-PRO-si-em

Greek: dysprositos (hard to get at).

Soft, lustrous, silvery metal.

Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran

1886

France

Usually found with erbium, holmium and other rare earths in some minerals such as monazite sand, which is often 50% rare earth by weight.

Its uses are limited to the experimental and esoteric.

Holmium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

164.93032

2,8,18,29,8,2

[Xe] 4f11 6s2

1474°C

2700°C

1.23

1.58 Å

2.47 Å

18.7 cm³/mol

6.0216 V

11.805 V

22.843 V

8.80 g/cm³

0.16 J/gK

241.0 kJ/mol

12.20 kJ/mol

0.0124 10^6/cm ohm

0.162 W/cmK

72 10³ MPa

9.8 10^-6 K^-1

3.5774 Å

5.6160 Å

HOLE-mi-em

From Holmia, the Latinized name for Stockholm, Sweden.

Fairly soft, malleable, lustrous, silvery metal.

J.L. Soret

1878

Switzerland

Occurs in gadolinite. Most often from monazite which is often 50% rare earth and typically 0.05% holmium.

It has very few practical applications; however, it has some unusual magnetic properties that offer some hope for future applications.

Erbium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

167.26

2,8,18,30,8,2

[Xe] 4f12 6s2

1529°C

2868°C

1.24

1.57 Å

1.00 (+3) Å

2.45 Å

18.4 cm³/mol

6.1078 V

11.929 V

22.739 V

9.05 g/cm³

0.17 J/gK

261.0 kJ/mol

19.90 kJ/mol

0.0117 10^6/cm ohm

0.143 W/cmK

73 10³ MPa

9.4 10^-6 K^-1

3.5589 Å

5.5876 Å

UR-bi-em

Named after the Swedish town, Ytterby.

Soft, malleable, silvery metal.

Carl Mosander

1843

Sweden

Found with other heavier rare earths in xenotime and euxerite.

Erbium oxide is used in ceramics to obtain a pink glaze. Also a few uses in the nuclear industry and as an alloying agent for other exotic metals. For example, it increases the malleability of vanadium.

Thulium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

168.93421

2,8,18,31,8,2

[Xe] 4f13 6s2

1545°C

1950°C

1.25

1.56 Å

1.09 (+3) Å

2.42 Å

18.1 cm³/mol

6.1843 V

12.054 V

26.367 V

(3),2

9.33 g/cm³

0.16 J/gK

191.0 kJ/mol

16.840 kJ/mol

0.0150 10^6/cm ohm

0.168 W/cmK

76 10³ MPa

12 10^-6 K^-1

3.5346 Å

5.5548 Å

THOO-li-em

From Thule ancient name of Scandinavia.

Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metal

Per Theodor Cleve

1879

Sweden

Found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime, and monazite. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and 0.007% thulium.

Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment.

Ytterbium

Rare Earth

Cubic: Face centered

173.04

2,8,18,32,8,2

[Xe] 4f14 6s2

2,3

819°C

1196°C

1.1

1.74 Å

.99 (+3) Å

2.40 Å

24.79 cm³/mol

6.2542 V

12.188 V

25.03 V

(3),2

6.98 g/cm³

0.15 J/gK

128.90 kJ/mol

7.660 kJ/mol

0.0351 10^6/cm ohm

0.349 W/cmK

18 10³ MPa

25.1 10^-6 K^-1

5.4864 Å

i-TUR-bi-em

Named for the Swedish village of Ytterby.

Silvery, lustrous, malleable, and ductile metal.

Jean de Marignac

1878

Switzerland

Found in minerals such as yttria, monazite, gadolinite, and xenotime. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and typically 0.03% ytterbium.

Used in metallurgical and chemical experiments.

Lutetium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

174.967

2,8,18,32,9,2

[Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2

1663°C

3402°C

1.27

1.56 Å

.98 (+3) Å

2.25 Å

17.78 cm³/mol

5.4259 V

13.888 V

20.957 V

9.85 g/cm³

0.15 J/gK

355.90 kJ/mol

18.60 kJ/mol

0.0185 10^6/cm ohm

0.164 W/cmK

84 10³ MPa

8.2 10^-6 K^-1

3.5032 Å

5.5511 Å

loo-TEE-shi-em

Named for the ancient name of Paris, Lutecia.

Silvery-white, hard, dense, rare earth metal.

Georges Urbain

1907

France

Found with ytterbium in gadolinite and xenotime. Usually obtained from monazite sand which is ofter 50% rare earth by weight and 0.003% lutetium.

It has no practical applications.

Hafnium

Transition Metal

Hexagonal

178.49

2,8,18,32,10,2

[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2

2227°C

4602°C

1.3

1.44 Å

.83 (+4) Å

2.16 Å

13.6 cm³/mol

6.8251 V

14.925 V

23.32 V

13.2 g/cm³

0.14 J/gK

575.0 kJ/mol

24.060 kJ/mol

0.0312 10^6/cm ohm

0.230 W/cmK

139 10³ MPa

5.9 10^-6 K^-1

3.1947 Å

5.0513 Å

HAF-ni-em

From Hafnia, the Latin name of Copenhagen.

Silvery, ductile metal.

Dirk Coster, Georg von Hevesy

1923

Denmark

Obtained from mineral zircon or baddeleyite.

Used in reactor control rods because of its ability to absorb neutrons.

Tantalum

Transition Metal

Cubic: Body centered

180.9479

2,8,18,32,11,2

[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2

3,5

2996°C

5425°C ±100°C

1.5

1.34 Å

.64 (+5) Å

2.09 Å

10.90 cm³/mol

7.89 V

16.6 g/cm³

0.14 J/gK

743.0 kJ/mol

31.60 kJ/mol

0.0761 10^6/cm ohm

0.575 W/cmK

183 10³ MPa

6.3 10^-6 K^-1

3.298 Å

TAN-te-lem

From king Tantalus of Greek mythology, father of Niobe.

Rare, gray, heavy, hard but ductile, metal with a high melting point.

Anders Ekeberg

1802

Sweden

Chiefly occurs in the mineral tantalite. Always found with niobium.

Often used as an economical substitute for platinum. Tantalum pentoxide is used in capacitors and in camera lenses to increase refracting power. It and its alloys are corrosion and wear resistant so it is used to make surgical and dental tools.

Tungsten

Transition Metal

Cubic: Body centered

183.84

2,8,18,32,12,2

[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2

2,3,4,5,6

3410°C ±20°C

5660°C

2.36

1.30 Å

.60 (+6) Å

2.02 Å

9.53 cm³/mol

7.98 V

(6),5,4,3,2

19.3 g/cm³

0.13 J/gK

824.0 kJ/mol

35.40 kJ/mol

0.189 10^6/cm ohm

1.74 W/cmK

401 10³ MPa

4.5 10^-6 K^-1

3.1653 Å

TUNG-sten

Swedish: tung sten (heavy stone): symbol from its German name wolfram.

Hard, steel-gray to white metal. Highest melting point of all metals.

Fausto and Juan José de Elhuyar

1783

Spain

Occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].

Made into filaments for vacuum tubes and electric lights. Also as contact points in cars. Combined with calcium or magnesium it makes phosphors. Tungsten carbide is extremely hard and is used for making cutting tools and abrasives.

Rhenium

Transition Metal

Hexagonal

186.207

2,8,18,32,13,2

[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2

-1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

3180°C

5627°C (estimated)

1.9

1.28 Å

.53 (+7) Å

1.97 Å

8.85 cm³/mol

7.88 V

(7),6,4,2,-1

21.0 g/cm³

0.13 J/gK

715.0 kJ/mol

33.20 kJ/mol

0.0542 10^6/cm ohm

0.479 W/cmK

461 10³ MPa

6.2 10^-6 K^-1

2.760 Å

4.458 Å

REE-ni-em

Latin: Rhenus, the Rhine River.

Rare and costly, dense, silvery-white metal.

Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto Berg

1925

Germany

Found in small amounts in gadolinite and molybdenite. Has a very high melting point.

Mixed with tungsten or platinum to make filaments for mass spectrographs. Its main value is as a trace alloying agent for hardening metal components that are subjected to continuous frictional forces.

Osmium

Transition Metal

Hexagonal

190.23

2,8,18,32,14,2

[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2

0,3,4,6,8

3054°C

5027°C

2.2

1.26 Å

.63 (+4) Å

1.92 Å

8.49 cm³/mol

8.7 V

2,3,(4),6,8

22.40 g/cm³

0.13 J/gK

746.0 kJ/mol

31.80 kJ/mol

0.109 10^6/cm ohm

0.876 W/cmK

550 10³ MPa

5.1 10^-6 K^-1

2.7354 Å

4.3193 Å

OZ-mi-em

Greek: osmê (odor).

Hard fine black powder or hard, lustrous, blue-white metal.

Smithson Tenant

1804

England

Obtained from the same ores as platinum.

Used to tip gold pen points, instrument pivots, to make electric light filaments. Used for high temp. alloys and pressure bearings. Very hard and resists corrosion better than any other.

Iridium

Transition Metal

Cubic: Face centered

192.22

2,8,18,32,15,2

[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2

2410°C

4130°C

2.2

1.27 Å

.63 (+4) Å

1.87 Å

8.54 cm³/mol

9.1 V

2,3,(4),6

22.42 g/cm³

0.130 J/gK

604.0 kJ/mol

26.10 kJ/mol

0.197 10^6/cm ohm

1.47 W/cmK

533 10³ MPa

6.4 10^-6 K^-1

3.8390 Å

i-RID-i-em

Latin: iris (rainbow).

Heavy, brittle, white metal.

S.Tenant, A.F.Fourcory, L.N.Vauquelin, H.V.Collet-Descoltils

1804

England/France

Found in gravel deposits with platinum.

Used with osmium to tip gold pen points, to make crucible and special containers. Also to make alloys used for standard weights and measures, and heat-resistant alloys. Also as hardening agent for platinum.

Platinum

Transition Metal

Cubic: Face centered

195.08

2,8,18,32,17,1

[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1

2,3,4

1772°C

3827°C

2.28

1.30 Å

.63 (+4) Å

1.83 Å

9.10 cm³/mol

9.0 V

18.563 V

2,(4)

21.45 g/cm³

0.13 J/gK

510.0 kJ/mol

19.60 kJ/mol

0.0966 10^6/cm ohm

0.716 W/cmK

175 10³ MPa

8.8 10^-6 K^-1

3.9240 Å

PLAT-n-em

Spanish: platina (little silver).

Rare, very heavy, soft, silvery-white metal.

Julius Scaliger

1735

Italy

Produced from deposits of native, or elemental, platinum.

Used in jewelry, to make crucible and special containers and as a catalyst. Used with cobalt to produce very strong magnets. Also to make standard weights and measures. Resists corrosion and acid attacks except aqua regia.

Gold

Transition Metal

Cubic: Face centered

196.96654

2,8,18,32,18,1

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1

1,3

1064.43°C

2808°C

2.54

1.34 Å

.85 (+3) Å

1.79 Å

10.2 cm³/mol

9.2257 V

20.521 V

(3),1

19.32 g/cm³

0.128 J/gK

334.40 kJ/mol

12.550 kJ/mol

0.452 10^6/cm ohm

3.17 W/cmK

78.3 10³ MPa

14.2 10^-6 K^-1

4.0786 Å

GOLD

Anglo-Saxon: geolo (yellow); symbol from Latin: aurum (shining dawn).

Soft, malleable, bright yellow metal.

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

Found in veins in the crust, with cooper ore and native .

Very malleable. Used in electronics, jewelry and coins. It is a good reflector of infrared radiation, so a thin film of gold is applied to the glass of skyscrapers to reduce internal heating from sunlight.

Mercury

Metal

Rhombohedral

200.59

2,8,18,32,18,2

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2

1,2

-38.87°C

356.58°C

1.49 Å

1.02 (+2) Å

1.76 Å

14.82 cm³/mol

10.4375 V

18.759 V

34.202 V

(2),1

13.546 g/cm³

0.139 J/gK

59.229 kJ/mol

2.295 kJ/mol

0.0104 10^6/cm ohm

0.0834 W/cmK

22 10³ MPa

49 10^-6 K^-1

3.005 Å

a=70° 32'

MER-kyoo-ri

From the Roman god Mercury; symbol from Latin: hydrargyrus (liquid silver).

Heavy, silver-white metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures.

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

Virtually all mercury comes from cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Some sources of red cinnabar are so rich in mercury that droplets of elemental mercury can be found in random samples.

Used in thermometers, barometers, and batteries. Also used in electrical switches and mercury-vapor lighting products.

Thallium

Metal

Hexagonal

204.3833

2,8,18,32,18,3

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1

1,3

303.5°C

1457°C ±10°C

2.04

1.48 Å

1.59 (+1) Å

2.08 Å

17.2 cm³/mol

6.1083 V

20.428 V

29.829 V

3,(1)

11.85 g/cm³

0.13 J/gK

164.10 kJ/mol

4.142 kJ/mol

0.0617 10^6/cm ohm

0.461 W/cmK

12 10³ MPa

29.9 10^-6 K^-1

3.4567 Å

5.5250 Å

THAL-i-em

Greek: thallos (green twig), for a bright green line in its spectrum.

Soft gray metal that looks like lead.

Sir William Crookes

1861

England

Found in iron pyrites. Also in crookesite, hutchinsonite and lorandite. Most is recovered from the byproducts of lead and zinc refining.

Its compounds are used in rat and ant poisons. Also for detecting infrared radiation.

Lead

Metal

Cubic: Face centered

207.2

2,8,18,32,18,4

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2

2,4

327.502°C

1740°C

2.33

1.47 Å

1.19 (+2) Å

1.81 Å

18.17 cm³/mol

7.4167 V

15.028 V

31.943 V

4,(2)

11.34 g/cm³

0.13 J/gK

177.70 kJ/mol

4.799 kJ/mol

0.0481 10^6/cm ohm

0.353 W/cmK

20 10³ MPa

28.8 10^-6 K^-1

4.9504 Å

LED

Anglo-Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum.

Very soft, highly malleable and ductile, blue-white shiny metal.

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

Found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Some is found in its native state.

Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries.

Bismuth

Metal

Rhombohedral

208.98037

2,8,18,32,18,5

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3

3,5

271.3°C

1560°C ±5°C

2.02

1.46 Å

1.03 (+3) Å

1.63 Å

21.3 cm³/mol

7.289 V

16.687 V

25.559 V

(3),5

9.8 g/cm³

0.12 J/gK

104.80 kJ/mol

11.30 kJ/mol

0.00867 10^6/cm ohm

0.0787 W/cmK

34 10³ MPa

13.4 10^-6 K^-1

4.736 Å

a=57° 14'

BIZ-meth

German: bisemutum, (white mass), Now spelled wismut.

Hard, brittle, steel-gray metal with a pink tint.

Known to the ancients.

Unknown

It can be found free in nature and in minerals like bismuthine (Bi2O3) and in bismuth ochre (Bi2O3)

Main use is in pharmaceuticals and low melting point alloys used as fuses.

Polonium

Metal

Monoclinic

-208.9824

2,8,18,32,18,6

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4

-2,0,2,4,6

254°C

962°C

1.46 Å

1.53 Å

22.23 cm³/mol

8.4167 V

(4),2

9.4 g/cm³

0.12 J/gK

0.0219 10^6/cm ohm

0.20 W/cmK

26 10³ MPa

23 10^-6 K^-1

3.345 Å

peh-LOW-ni-em

Named for Poland, native country of Marie Curie.

Silvery-gray, extremely rare, radioactive metal.

Pierre and Marie Curie

1898

France

Occurs in pitchblende from decay of bismuth.

Used in industrial equipment that eliminates static electricity caused by such processes as rolling paper, wire, and sheet metal.

Astatine

Halogen

Unknown

-209.9871

2,8,18,32,18,7

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5

1,3,5,7

302°C

337°C

2.2

1.45 Å

1.43 Å

9.5 V

(±1),3,5,7

0.017 W/cmK

AS-teh-teen

Greek: astatos (unstable).

Unstable, radioactive member of the halogen group.

D.R.Corson, K.R.MacKenzie, E.Segré

1940

United States

Does not occur in nature. Similar to iodine. Produced by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.

Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of astatine.

Radon

Noble Gas

Cubic: Face centered

-222.0176

2,8,18,32,18,8

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6

-71°C

-61.8°C

1.34 Å

50.5 cm³/mol

10.7485 V

0.00973 g/cm³

0.09 J/gK

16.40 kJ/mol

2.890 kJ/mol

0.0000364 W/cmK

RAY-don

Variation of the name of another element, radium.

Colorless, odorless, tasteless, radioactive, heavy, noble gas.

Fredrich Ernst Dorn

1898

Germany

Formed from the decay of radium in the earths crust.

Used to treat some forms of cancer.

Francium

Alkali Metal

Cubic: Body centered

-223.0197

2,8,18,32,18,8,1

[Rn] 7s1

27°C

677°C

0.7

0.03 10^6/cm ohm

0.15 W/cmK

2 10³ MPa

FRAN-si-em

Named for France, the nation of its discovery.

Highly rare and unstable, radioactive metal.

Marguerite Derey

1939

France

Formed by decay of actinium. Chemical properties similar to cesium. Decays to radium or astatine.

Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of francium.

Radium

Alkali Earth Metal

Cubic: Body centered

-226.0254

2,8,18,32,18,8,2

[Rn] 7s2

700°C

1140°C

0.9

1.62 (+2) Å

45.20 cm³/mol

5.2789 V

10.148 V

5 g/cm³

0.12 J/gK

0.186 W/cmK

16 10³ MPa

8 10^-6 K^-1

RAY-di-em

Latin: radius (ray).

Silvery-white metal. Intensely radioactive.

Pierre and Marie Curie

1898

France

Found in uranium ores at 1 part per 3 million parts uranium.

Used in treating cancer because of the gamma rays it gives off.

Actinium

Transition Metal

Cubic: Face centered

-227.0278

2,8,18,32,18,9,2

[Rn] 6d1 7s2

1050°C

3200°C (±300°C)

1.1

22.54 cm³/mol

5.17 V

12.126 V

10.07 g/cm³

0.12 W/cmK

34 10³ MPa

5.311 Å

ak-TIN-i-em

Greek: akis, aktinos (ray).

Heavy, silvery-white, very radioactive metal

André Debierne

1899

France

Extremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with neutrons in a reactor.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Thorium

Rare Earth

Cubic: Face centered

232.0381

2,8,18,32,18,10,2

[Rn] 6d2 7s2

1750°C

4000°C

1.3

1.65 Å

1.05 (+4) Å

19.9 cm³/mol

6.08 V

11.504 V

20.003 V

11.7 g/cm³

0.12 J/gK

514.40 kJ/mol

16.10 kJ/mol

0.0653 10^6/cm ohm

0.540 W/cmK

73 10³ MPa

11.0 10^-6 K^-1

5.0847 Å

THOR-i-em

Named for Thor, Norse god of thunder.

Heavy, gray, soft, malleable, ductile, radioactive metal.

Jöns Berzelius

1828

Sweden

Found in various minerals like monazite and thorite.

Used in making strong alloys. Also in ultraviolet photoelectric cells. It is a common ingredient in high-quality lenses. Bombarded with neutrons make uranium-233, a nuclear fuel.

Protactinium

Rare Earth

Orthorhombic

231.03588

2,8,18,32,20,9,2

[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2

4,5

1600°C

1.5

15.0 cm³/mol

5.89 V

(5),4

15.4 g/cm³

0.12 J/gK

12.30 kJ/mol

0.0529 10^6/cm ohm

0.47 W/cmK

100 10³ MPa

9.7 10^-6 K^-1

3.925 Å

3.238 Å

PRO-tak-tin-eh-em

Greek: proto and actinium (parent of actinium); it forms actinium when it radioactively decays.

Very rare, silvery-white, extremely radioactive metal.

Fredrich Soddy, John Cranston, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner

1917

England/France

Does not occur in nature. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Uranium

Rare Earth

Orthorhombic

238.0289

2,8,18,32,21,9,2

[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2

2,3,4,5,6

1132°C

3818°C

1.38

1.42 Å

.81 (+6) Å

12.59 cm³/mol

6.1941 V

(6),5,4,3

18.9 g/cm³

0.12 J/gK

477.0 kJ/mol

8.520 kJ/mol

0.0380 10^6/cm ohm

0.276 W/cmK

186 10³ MPa

13.9 10^-6 K^-1

2.8538 Å

5.8697 Å

4.9550 Å

yoo-RAY-ni-em

Named for the planet Uranus.

Silvery-white, dense, ductile, malleable, radioactive metal.

Martin Klaproth

1789

Germany

Occurs in many rocks, but in large amounts only in such minerals as pitchblende and carnotite.

For many centuries it was used as a pigment for glass. Now it is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors and in bombs.

Neptunium

Rare Earth

Orthorhombic

-237.0482

2,8,18,32,22,9,2

[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2

3,4,5,6

640°C

3902°C

1.36

11.62 cm³/mol

6.2657 V

6,(5),4,3

20.45 g/cm³

0.12 J/gK

5.190 kJ/mol

0.00822 10^6/cm ohm

0.063 W/cmK

900 10³ MPa

28 10^-6 K^-1

6.663 Å

4.723 Å

4.887 Å

nep-TOO-ni-em

Named for the planet Neptune.

Rare, silvery radioactive metal.

E.M. McMillan, P.H. Abelson

1940

United States

Produced by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Plutonium

Rare Earth

Monoclinic

-244.0642

2,8,18,32,24,8,2

[Rn] 5f6 7s2

3,4,5,6

641°C

3232°C

1.28

12.32 cm³/mol

6.06 V

6,5,(4),3

19.8 g/cm³

0.13 J/gK

344.0 kJ/mol

2.840 kJ/mol

0.00666 10^6/cm ohm

0.0674 W/cmK

97 10³ MPa

46.7 10^-6 K^-1

6.183 Å

4.822 Å

10.963 Å

ploo-TOE-ni-em

Named for the planet Pluto.

Silvery-white, extremely radioactive artificially produced metal.

G.T.Seaborg, J.W.Kennedy, E.M.McMillan, A.C.Wohl

1940

United States

Found rarely in some uranium ores. Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.

Used in bombs and reactors. Small quantities are used in thermo-electric generators.

Americium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

-243.0614

2,8,18,32,25,8,2

[Rn] 5f7 7s2

2,3,4,5,6

994°C

2607°C

1.3

17.86 cm³/mol

5.993 V

6,5,4,(3)

13.6 g/cm³

0.11 J/gK

14.40 kJ/mol

0.022 10^6/cm ohm

0.1 W/cmK

7.1 10^-6 K^-1

3.4681 Å

11.240 Å

am-er-ISH-i-em

Named for the American continent, by analogy with europium.

Silvery-white, artificially produced radioactive metal.

G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, L.O.Morgan, A.Ghiorso

1945

United States

Produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons.

Americium-241 is currently used in smoke detectors.

Curium

Rare Earth

Hexagonal

-247.0703

2,8,18,32,25,9,2

[Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2

3,4

1340°C

1.3

18.28 cm³/mol

6.02 V

(3),4

13.5 g/cm³

15.0 kJ/mol

0.1 W/cmK

KYOOR-i-em

Named in honor of Pierre and Marie Curie.

Silvery, malleable, synthetic radioactive metal.

G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, A.Ghiorso

1944

United States

Made by bombarding plutonium with helium ions. So radioactive it glows in the dark.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Berkelium

Rare Earth

Unknown

-247.0703

2,8,18,32,26,9,2

[Rn] 5f9 7s2

3,4

1.3

6.23 V

4,(3)

0.1 W/cmK

BURK-li-em

Named after Berkeley, California the city of its discovery.

Synthetic radioactive metal.

G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso

1949

United States

Some compounds have been made and studied. Made by bombarding americium with alpha particles.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Californium

Rare Earth

Unknown

-251.0796

2,8,18,32,28,8,2

[Rn] 5f10 7s2

1.3

6.30 V

4,(3)

0.1 W/cmK

kal-eh-FOR-ni-em

Named after the state and University of California.

Synthetic radioactive metal. Powerful neutron emitter.

G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr.

1950

United States

Made by bombarding curium with helium ions.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Einsteinium

Rare Earth

Unknown

-252.083

2,8,18,32,29,8,2

[Rn] 5f11 7s2

1.3

6.42 V

(2),3

0.1 W/cmK

ine-STINE-i-em

Named in honor of the scientist Albert Einstein.

Synthetic radioactive metal.

Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif

1952

United States

Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Fermium

100

Rare Earth

Unknown

-257.0951

2,8,18,32,30,8,2

[Rn] 5f12 7s2

1.3

6.50 V

0.1 W/cmK

FER-mi-em

Named in honor of the scientist Enrico Fermi.

Synthetic radioactive metal.

Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif

1953

United States

Produced by bombarding lighter transuranium elements with still lighter particles or by neutron capture.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Mendelevium

101

Rare Earth

Unknown

-258.0984

2,8,18,32,31,8,2

[Rn] 5f13 7s2

2,3

1.3

6.58 V

2,3

0.1 W/cmK

men-deh-LEE-vi-em

Named in honor of the scientist Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleyev, who devised the periodic table.

Synthetic radioactive metal.

G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr.

1955

United States

Made by bombarding einsteinium with helium ions.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Nobelium

102

Rare Earth

Unknown

-259.1011

2,8,18,32,32,8,2

[Rn] 5f14 7s2

1.3

6.65 V

2,3

0.1 W/cmK

no-BELL-i-em

Named in honor of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and founded Nobel prize.

Synthetic radioactive metal.

Nobel Institute for Physics

1957

Sweden

Made by bombarding curium with carbon-13

It has no significant commercial applications.

Lawrencium

103

Rare Earth

Unknown

-262.1098

2,8,18,32,32,9,2

[Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2

0.1 W/cmK

lor-ENS-i-em

Named in honor of Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron.

Synthetic radioactive metal.

A.Ghiorso, T.Sikkeland, A.E.Larsh, R.M.Latimer

1961

United States

Produced by bombarding californium with boron ions.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Rutherfordium

104

Transition Metal

Unknown

-261.1089

2,8,18,32,32,10,2

[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2

0.23 W/cmK

ruth-er-FORD-i-em

Named in honor of Ernest Rutherford

Synthetic radioactive metal.

A. Ghiorso, et al

1969

United States

Made by bombarding californium-249 with beams of carbon-12 and 13, which produced an isotope with half lives of 4+ and 3 sec.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Hahnium

105

Transition Metal

Unknown

-262.1144

2,8,18,32,32,11,2

[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2

0.58 W/cmK

HA-ni-em

Named in honor of Otto Hahn

Synthetic radioactive metal.

A. Ghiorso, et al

1970

United States

Made by bombarding californium-249 with a beam of nitrogen-15

It has no significant commercial applications.

Seaborgium

106

Transition Metal

Unknown

-263.1186

2,8,18,32,32,12,2

[Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2

see-BORG-i-em

Named in honor of Glenn Seaborg, American physical chemist known for research on transuranium elements.

Synthetic radioactive metal.

Soviet Nuclear Research/ U. of Cal at Berkeley

1974

USSR/United States

Made by bombarding californium-249 with oxygen-18.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Nielsbohrium

107

Transition Metal

Unknown

-262.1231

2,8,18,32,32,13,2

[Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2

neels-BOR-i-em

Named in honor of Niels Bohr

Synthetic radioactive metal.

Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)

1976

Germany

Obtained by bombarding bismuth-204 with chromium-54.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Hessium

108

Transition Metal

Unknown

-265.1306

2,8,18,32,32,14,2

[Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2

HES-i-em

Named in honor of Henri Hess, Swiss born Russian chemist known for work in thermodydamics.

Synthetic radioactive metal.

Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)

1984

Germany

Formed by the bombardment of lead-208 with iron-58.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Mietnerium

109

Transition Metal

Unknown

-266.1378

2,8,18,32,32,15,2

[Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2

MITE-ner-i-um

Named in honor of Lise Mietner

Synthetic radioactive metal.

Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)

1982

Germany

Obtained by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Unnunnilium

Unn

110

Transition Metal

Unknown

-268

2,8,18,32,32,16,2

[Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1

oon-nun-NIL-i-em

Un (one) nun (one) nilium (zero)

Synthetic radioactive metal.

Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)

1994

Germany

Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with cobolt-59.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Unnununium

Unu

111

Transition Metal

Unknown

-269

2,8,18,32,32,17,2

[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1

oon-nun-OON-i-em

Un (one) nun (one) unium (one)

Synthetic radioactive metal.

Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)

1994

Germany

Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with nickel-60.

It has no significant commercial applications.

Last Updated on 11/14/98