Adams motor experiments and circuits

Adams motor experiments and circuits

Introduction

Dr Sergey Stanislavovich Abramov
Silovye Mashiny -Electrosila (Power Machines) Corporation
Saint Petersburg, Russia

Adams motor [1-3] is considered a free energy device. It relates to electric machines called Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM) [4]. Some aspects of the theory of operation related to the Adams motor- generator are available on Tim Harwood's web page. You can also visit the home page by Robert Adams with links to his articles and books. I don't mean to claim that my replication of the Adams motor has been extremely successful, but I designed several control circuits and evaluated technological problems of this design. I carryied out some experiments with my AVR controller based circuit. It should be noted that free energy research is not my main occupation, of course. Our company produces large electric machines and electric drives. At present I am more interested in development of algorithms related to simulation of transients in autonomous power systems containing synchronous permanent magnet motors.
In 2002 I was surprised at finding that rather often people entered my web site typing the keywords "Frolov motor". This is quite a different design. His device, named also "Flux machine" can be regarded as a modification of the Gramm's machine [5].
My experimental results and some conclusions were presented in the New Energy Techologies magazine [6], published by its editor-in-chief Alexander Frolov. In my article was also briefly expounded a theory related to the Adams motor running. I considered this review useful for those Russian readers who had never heard of this machine. This magazine has an English version too and is available in the Internet, but the password is required to enter it.

I have found several notes that all processes in an Adams motor can be described on a basis of the existing electromagnetic theory. Still the whole system can't do without a battery. To better understand physical phenomena in these devices it is necessary to take into account the chemical features of accumulators. Michael Barrie Smith wrote he managed to obtain overunity in a system including an Adams motor and two batteries. Michael considered that his battery oscillated at its resonant frequency making energy flow from zero point fluctuations into the battery. This signifies that the charging effect very likely depends on the motor frequency. So the motor (SRM) with adjustable speed could be suitable to verify this hypothesis. As far as I know Lutec (Aust.) Pty Ltd are going to sell their 1 kW, 1500% efficiency generator throughout Australia within two years, and this device includes a variation of the Adams motor - generator with mechanical commutation of the stator current, as per Tim Harwood.
I have assembled a control circuit of my own which can charge the second battery but the first results don't seem as great as those obtained by Michael. The description of my last experiment with a two-battery set-up is at the end of this web page.

I think the zero point concept [8] can be regarded as a truthful basis for the processes in a system including an Adams motor and accumulators. Still Tim Harwood considers its overunity features are caused by the time reversal. I would accept his theory if he proposed a mathematical mod?el in terms of the above mentioned reversed time. This hypothesis should be stuck to facts, of course. Otherwise it can't be substantiated. To better understand the free energy phenomena and find out useful information about the so-called " Gray motor" read the book [9] by A.Lindemann. There I have found an interesting note that the device should be regarded as a secondary one, while the genuine free energy process takes place outside it.

My report is written "as is". I have not arrived at a definite conclusion as to the feasibility of free energy extraction. In 2002 two interesting projects, namely POD (Power On Demand) and ACG (Air Core Generator) started in the Adamsmotor
e-group. The main idea was to eliminate moving parts as the Adams motor design requires a very well balanced and light rotor, low friction bearings. Originally the efficiency factor of 2.0 was announced. A lot of tests were executed by Jean-Michel Cour on the basis of his own circuits. His opinion of overunity characteristics of these devices is negative. Still unsuccessful replications don't imply the entire failure of the projects. I have read a lot of messages in some Yahoo groups from people who readily joined the free energy research but later rejected its possibility due to their own reverse.

In 2001 I was looking through some web sites containing references to John Bedini's variation of the Adams motor. To form a notion of his devices visit Bedini's web page. Still it seems to me that some of them don't resemble the Adams machine. Besides I found references to a design known as "school girl motor". Its idea is also ascribed to Mr Bedini and this machine is more similar to the Adams one. At first I thought that overunity characteristics had already been reached in this motor. I didn't try to replicate it as it was reported not to be a self-starting machine and several its features didn't seem clear for me. But others replicated this device and wrote about the absence of any remarcable features. Besides Tim Harwood wrote somebody got in touch with that girl and she was surprised at hearing of the overunity characteristics of the motor she had made. Very likely there is certain misinforming as concerns the characteristics of the Adams type machines.

My own experimental results

I've been experimenting since April, 2002. To get a relatively good result I rebuilt several rotors. This is normal, so did many experimenters. My first motor's design only allowed the rotor to rotate at the speed of 800 rpm at 12 Volt. The ball bearings weren't fixed good enough and their axes needed to be aligned thoroughly to eliminate vibration. So I changed to another design which is represented by the photos. The movable base allowed me to better align the axes of the bearings. That made it possible for me to increase the speed to 1700-1800 rpm, when only one coil worked. It is well-known that in Adams motor the current impulse should start when the magnet passed several degrees by the coil's centre. But my rotor rotates much faster if the triggering point is set slightly before this centre. I think this phenomenon is caused by the total inductance of my circuit. Most likely if optical switching was used it would be possible to establish the triggering points past the drive coils. My new control circuit containing an opto switch is already capable of working but it needs arrangement.

I tried to extremely reduce the air gap taking into account the safety of the motor. I couldn't measure it exactly but estimated its value as 1 mm at the edges of a magnet. Of course in the middle of it the gap is larger, as all my magnets have flat sides. With such an air gap the transistor became slightly warm and the speed reduced to 1450 rpm instead of the previous value of 1750 rpm. Hence it is not worth making the air gap less than 1 mm. At first looking through the web sites dedicated to Adams motor I found instructions kind of "the air gap isn't critical but the closer the better". Later Tim noted that the air gap shouldn't exceed 1-1.2 mm not to make the motor characteristics worse. Maybe I was the first experimentor to point out there should be the least suitable air gap. Very likely it was a known fact but it had not been expressed on anybody's web site directly. If you are familiar with the electic machine theory it is obvious for you that every machine has its proper air gap. Usually it is larger in synchronous machines than in induction type motors. So it isn't strange that Adams motor can have its own air gap range. At present you can find similar notes on other web sites. I don't know if it is a confirmation of my results or direct use of them without any reference. This also relates to my notes about the triggering points of the stator current (see above). In any case it is not easy to measure very short air gaps without a special instrument and ensure the safety of the motor.

Three small discs were placed between two large ones. This design permitted me to reach relatively good balance. But the magnets seemed like cogs. So the aerodynamic losses were palpable as the rotor acted like a fan. Therefore I made two veneer details and fixed them on the rotor to obtain a smooth shape. Of course the CD rotor is not so heavy as mine. Originally I wanted to make a sectional design. At present I can remove the upper bar, then the lower and upper nuts and washers which keep the discs on a shaft and then separate a disc with magnets and veneer details. Still it is sensible to avoid ball bearings in the toy-sized Adams motors. I have done my best to eliminate vibration and succeeded in this work, to a certain extent. But the vibration remains palpable. Very likely Tim Harwood's design seems better in reference to low voltage, low power motors. As to my stator's winding it should be noted that the wire (0.45 mm) is wound around a laminated core. To get iron strips I disassembled an old radio transformer. The core has the dimensions of 10x11x50 mm.

Having put into my device a new battery with the capacity of 1,3 Ah, I reached the speed of 2600 rpm at 12.2 Volt. My previous batteries (9 V, 0.125 Ah + 3x1.2 V, 1.5 Ah) were only suitable for a radio set. Maybe that was due to their high internal resistance.

My 4 ferrite magnets have the dimensions of 20x20X35 mm and are fixed on a disc having the diameter of 105 mm. Hence I couldn't get sufficiently short impulses. Therefore I established two hall sensors to switch the current in a coil. At first I tried to control my motor by the original Tim Harwood's circuit containing 1 transistor and 1 hall sensor. But my experiments demonstrated that without a diode and a 100 ohm resistor in the base circuit of the transistor it was impossible for me to get a suitable switch mode. My circuit does work but still it would be preferable to adjust a duty cycle at starting of a motor. In this transistor design it remains constant. Later I corrected this deficiency in my controller based circuit.

There took place claims that Adams motor can rotate without discharging of a 4 Ah battery. But so far I haven't been able to reach this regime. So I've been experimenting with two- battery setup. I heard of the idea of using very large capacitors (approximately 50000 microfarad or higher) to stop the physical flow of electrons between poles of a battery while driving a load. A battery takes time to deliver energy whereas a capacitor can deliver it much faster, this gives faster rise times. When I used a 100 microfarad capacitor there wasn't any noticeable effect. It's important to note that the capacity should be from 0,05 to 1,0 Farad, as Michael Smith said.

In my first two-battery design without a timing circuit the voltage of the 2-nd battery increased but later I came at a conclusion that voltage rise was due to a known battery property. The battery voltage can increase if it is subjected to voltage spikes but it doesn't mean the charge actually grows. During one of my experiments after 75 minutes running the drive battery lost 0,17 Volt whereas the increase of the voltage of the charging one was 0.36 Volt. The capacity of both batteries was equal in that experiment. It should be taken into account that the voltage always falls after charging. In my subsequent experiments other values were obtained, depending on the accumulator discharge. To evaluate the charge gained by the second battery the density of electrolyte can be measured, if you have non-hermetic battery. Still it is easier to measure the voltage not long after the motor stop.

To obtain a relatively uniform torque I added the second stator controlled independently. In my last motor the stators are established so that the angle between their axes equals 135 (180- 90/2= 135) degrees. Therefore my motor began rotating at the speed of 3300 rpm at 12 Volt. The power consumption increased though. But I think it is not worth obtaining extremely high speed, if it is reached at the expense of higher stator current.

I've designed and tested a control circuit including 2 digital microcircuits, 4 hall sensors and 2 power transistors. The timing circuit determines the triggering points for discharge of the capacitors C1 and C2. They charge during the current commutation in stator coils through the bridge rectifiers D1-D4 and D6-D9. This charging circuit is more efficient than my first one where the second battery was charged directly through a diode. It is more convenient to store the energy in capacitors than directly charge the battery by the stator current. In the latter case heat losses must be higher.

Below you can see the current impulses and spikes of the coil's voltage in one of my coils. I suppose the fronts of impulses should be shorter. The impulses have unequal amplitudes due to the difference in magnet characteristics. Most likely the air gaps are slightly different despite the fact that I have done my best to make them equal. The voltage spikes reached the value of 140 Volt and the speed was about 1600-1700 rpm in that experiment.

Temperature measurements

To estimate the temperature of coils I used manual control, a thermocouple and coil resistance measurement. If the temperature rises so do the resistance of copper wires. My coil resistance equals 5 Ohm. In one of my experiments the temperature and the resistance of a coil were measured before the motor's start. After half an hour running I made the motor stop and executed the measurements once again. The temperature probe showed 1 degree of overheating and the digital ohmmeter's reading was the same 5.0 Ohm. I can take the liberty not to agree with Tim Harwood in respect to his notes about the cooling effects in working motors. If his motor runs at the temperature below ambient this phenomenon takes place, of course. But the cooling effect can't be mentioned if the motor is slightly warm like mine. Look at my current impulses, their amplitude doesn't exceed 0.35 A. The equivalent effective direct current is around 0.15 A. So the power losses in a stator are equal to I^^2*R=0.15^^2*5= 0.1 Watt!. How can this stator get hot? There is a rough analogy between DC or AC machines rotating in the idle mode and the unloaded Adams motor. This is a formula for a current in a DC motor running in a steady state: I=(U-E)/R=(U-CFn)/R. The variable U denotes the applied voltage, E is a back emf which is proportional to the electromechanic coefficient C, magnetic flux F and speed n; R is an armature resistance. Due to the back emf the current is fairly low in the idle mode which is similar to a rotating Adams motor. Hence there are no reasons for overheating. Without this back emf the current would be very high. It is just the same that immediately happens when the machine is connected to a voltage source. The current in a starting induction machine is 6-7 times greater than that in a steady state under load. Isn't it similar to the current draw in a starting Adams motor which subsequently halves? I think it is an ordinary phenomenon in all electric machines and doesn't require any cold current.
Important note: Adams motor is intentionally designed in a manner so as to to remove the back emf out of the stator windings. Very likely this special feature doesn't allow us to directly apply the above mentioned analogy.

Some experimenters originally reported about their motors running below ambient temperature but later attributed this effect to a wind chill factor. One of the reports written by Todd Montgomerie is placed in the files section of the Just-Build e-group. Still this group was closed for the lack of any palpable results.

AVR controller based experiments

To reduce the amount of hall sensors a controller should be used. My control circuit comprises an AVR controller (AT90s2313-10PI). It only controls one stator but it's possible to modify the circuit to independantly operate several coils as well. Usually SRMs have 3 phases but this this does not seem necessary in reference to Adams motors in free energy experiments.

My simple Basic program ensures starting of the motor and generates short impulses on PB3-pin to turn on the opto-thyristor which makes the capacitor charge Battery 2. The experimental results are in this diagram. The source and the second batteries had the capacity of 1.3 and 5.0 Ah respectively, hence the latter was almost 4 times as large. In M.B.Smith's set-up these parameters were 4 and 60 Ah. If the capacity of the second battery is insufficient it can't absorb the excess energy, provided that the latter actually takes place. I think this capacity depends on the motor power range and can be considered the critical parameter of the device. At first I thought that just the battery capacity ratio determined the efficiency of the device in question, but now I regard this hypothysis as wrong.
   Originally the voltages of my unloaded source and charging batteries were 12.91 and 9.56 Volt. When I started the motor these voltages immediately changed to 12.55 and 9.63 Volt. After an hour running the source battery lost 0.10 Volt (12.55-12.45=0.10 Volt under load), another one gained 0.30 Volt (9.63+0.30= 9.93 Volt). The next day their voltages were 12.74 (-0.17 Volt) and 9.64 Volt (+0.08 Volt). To my mind these figures don't enable me to estimate the actual change of the charge of both batteries. Michael's results reported were much better. As to the temperature of my device, the power transistor overheating resulted in 3 degrees, the coil got 2 degrees over ambient temperature. To my mind if even Michael's successful experimental result actually took place it is rather difficult to properly adjust a motor and a control circuit to reach overunity. I think I know how to improve my design (e.g. optical switching, additional stator turns, etc.) but the possible energy gain isn't guaranteed, of course.
   By the way I wasted my week's spare time trying to make the circuit with a PNP-transistor work as Tim Harwood had described. I can't understand how has he succeeded in his very simple circuit. Besides I have never seen the scope readings of his stator current. To my mind it doesn't matter what transistor is used if the circuit is able to make backward current flow into the battery. Tim reported he used a mosfet in his later circuits.
   My stator current impulses had very sloping fronts so the transistor got hot. The only way out for me was to return to my circuit with an NPN-transistor and the diode D4 connected to its emitter (see my transistor circuit).
   It should be noted that my motor is only controlled by the 1-st Hall sensor in the course of starting. This enables me to increase the driving torque. When starting is over both sensors operate the stator current reducing pulse width and power consumption. Hence the flaw of my first transistor circuit is eliminated.
   The version of Basic for AVR controllers (BASCOM_AVR) is available on the website DonTronics. The demo version of Bascom-AVR program is almost full-functional but characterised by the restricted code capacity of 2K. That's enough to program my controller. Still only the commercial version enables compiling libraries.The comments in my program are blue-highlighted. As to the LED indicator it is used to adjust the triggering points of the stator current and automatically switched off after starting.

If you decide to replicate my AVR based circuit it is essential to link your computer with a chip. It can be done via the LPT port as described on the Dontronics' webpage. But if your printer is already connected to this port it is desirable to use a device called In Circuit Programmer (ISP) which can be connected to a computer COM port. You can find the appropriate circuit on the website of the Silicon Chip company. I've already modified my circuit and a program so that it's possible for me to observe AVR controller variables on a computer display. The computer is connected to a controller via a Com port and a microcircuit Max232 as usual. Still the Windows Hyper Terminal has a fairly poor interface so any better program is required for this design.

There took place some claims about gravitational effects around a working motor. I learnt the possibility of these phenomena looking trough the web pages dedicated to the Adams motor theory. Michael Smith also pointed out the possibility of these phenomena. To verify such effects it is possible to place a balance over the motor so that one mass is over the motor and the other is in a free space away from the motor. The mass above the motor should rise. It is important to note the loads should be non-metal. Unfortunately my own experiment hasn't been successful. The balance wasn't affected by the working motor. Perhaps any better replication of the motor or more sensitive balance could detect the gravitational effect mentioned on some websites. To learn more about gravitational experiments you can visit the sites e.g. JL Naudin and Alexander Frolov. Jean-Louis Naudin also published his experimental results related to the Adams motor project. As to his"Lifter" experiments, Alexander Frolov expressed his rather sceptical attitude [7]. He considers these experiments are partially based on electric jet engine effect and not related to Biefeld-Brown effect technology. According to A.Frolov significantly better results can be obtained with capacitors having a gradient of dielectric permeability.

If you have any questions or consider that some part of my report is not correct, email me: Serge Abramov
Maybe further research will force me to modify some of my conclusions.

Reference list

1 Patent No. GB 2,282,708 (from NEN,Vol. 4, No. 8, December 1996, pp. 1-7)

2 Nexus magazine, December-January 1993

3 Robert Adams, Applied Modern 20th Century Aether Science. Second Edition,2001

4 Miller, Switched Reluctance Motors and their Controls, ISBN: 10881855-02-03

5 Flux-machine and its analogues/ New Energy Technologies magazine, May-June, 2003, p.35-37

6 Sergey S. Abramov. Adams Motor/ New Energy Technologies magazine, May-June, 2003, p.15-20

7 New Energy Technologies magazine , March-April, 2003, p.73 (Russian version)

8 Puthoff H.E. Source of vacuum electromagnetic zero-point energy. Phys.Rev. A 40.4857-4862; also 44. 3385-3386

9 Lindemann A. The free energy secrets of cold electricity. Clear Tech. Inc. PO Box 37. Metaline Falls, WA 99153 (509) 446-2353

Caution:

The information presented is intended for non-commercial purposes only. If you use my information one way or another give a reference to my site, please. Any attempt to replicate the motor can be carried out at your full liability. These motors can develop high rpm and high voltage depending on how they are designed. Build and operate at you own risk. Free energy is still a matter of investigation but the magnet torn off the disc can be dangerous!

**Links**
Free energy research	Controllers and Programming
Tim Harwood's home page Michael Smith's home page Zero-Point Energy Utilization - An Integrity Research Institute Program John Bedini's home page Aethmogen's home page Energy 2000 Swiss Testakica free energy device Lutec corporation	Atmel SiliconChip Spark Fun Electronics Dontronics
My pages, circuits and pictures	Switched Reluctance Motor references
AVR Basic Program AVR aided circuit Simple transistor circuit Another view of the motor Autonomous power systems algorithms	Fleadh Electronics Ltd The Optimal Computation of Switched Reluctance Drives Switched Reluctance Motor Drives: Modeling, Simulation, Analysis, Design, & Applications

Last update: 01/07/2005