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RS Electrogravitic References: Part 3 of 19.
QUANTUM PHYSICS, ABSTRACT QUANT-PH/9510004 From: "Jun Liu"
Date: Thu, 5 Oct 1995 04:30:27 -0400
The Real Significance of the Electromagnetic Potentials Author(s): J`un L'iu
The importance of the potential is revealed in a newly discovered effect of
the potential. This paper explore the same issue introduced in quant-
ph/9506038 from several different aspects including electron optics and
relativity. Some people fail to recognize this effect due to a wrong
application of gauge invariance.
In the above two papers, Dr Liu proposes a theory of the electromagnetic
potential which is a radical extension of the well known Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In the second paper he is barely able to contain his frustration about
repeated publication rejections over the last four years from leading physics
journals. He provides a theoretical foundation for his potential theory, as
well as some relatively straight forward suggestions for experiments which
might confirm the theory. But there is an enormous problem. Liu's theory
violates the concept of invariance of physical parameters under an
electromagnetic gauge transformation. Electromagnetic gauge invariance is a
cornerstone in the foundation of quantum theory and QED, and it is also part
and parcel linked with the dogma of light speed invariance. In other words,
heresy.
The AB effect is invariant under an electromagnetic gauge transformation.
While a phase-shift occurs in the AB effect, it can be identified only over a
closed path and is impossible to identify with any specific "local" region of
space. Furthermore, in the AB effect, there is no interaction relating to a
transfer of energy or momentum. Maintaining the idea of gauge invariance is a
little harder to do in the Aharonov-Casher effect, but it can be accomplished
by "gauging away" the physical effects of magnetic spin precession by using a
combination of factors from the classical Maxwell fields along with the
electromagnetic potential. It has the look of an elaborate parlor trick, but
so does most of QED.
Liu's theory predicts that the electromagnetic potential acts like a kind of
"refractive index" to wave propogation, and is similar in some respects to
what was predicted in the earlier paper on electron optics by Ehrenberg and
Siday in 1949. The result is that in some circumstances an electromagnetic
potential causes a change in wavelength, and in other circumstances causes a
change in phase (AB effect). An effect on wavelength would be manifested as a
change in the envelope of the interference pattern, rather than merely a shift
in the pattern. In Liu's theory an exchange of energy and momentum becomes
possible. His theory is relatively easy to test and verify, but oddly or not,
no one has yet done so. Maybe because we already "know" it can't be true?
One interesting prediction of Liu's theory is that electromagnetic potential
will result in time dilation. He doesn't appear to be aware that there is
already experimental evidence that this occurs. See references to inventions
and experiments by people such as Saxl, Barker, and Keller, which demonstrate
time dilation in an electric potential. Time dilation can be viewed
equivalently as a shift in wavelength. Liu wishes for someone to conduct an
experiment to test for a change in wavelength by using a quantum
interferometer. A fine idea. But what about those experimenters who have
already measured this effect with a clock? Also see a variety of references
here to theories and experiments which relate the scalar electric potential to
the gravitational field, and time dilation is a well know, and experimentally
verified, prediction of general relativity.
The Aharonov-Bohm effect has sparked a revolution in physical thought. There
are a variety of new ideas and experiments, such as verification of Liu's
theory, which could soon begin to fan it to a flame. When the flame becomes
sufficiently illuminating, watch the political scientists begin to scramble
for a comfortable seat nearer the fire. -- Robert Stirniman
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Over the last five years, there have been over 300 papers published about
various aspects of Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects, and quantum
interferometry. The subject relates to nearly all aspects of modern physics.
Here are selected examples:
AUTHOR(s): Semon, Mark D.
TITLE(s): The Aharonov-Bohm Effect: Still a Thought-Provoking
Experiment.
In: Foundations of physics.
JUL 01 1988 v 18 n 7 Page 731
AUTHOR(s): Furuya, Kazuhito
TITLE(s): Transient Response of the Aharonov-Bohm Effect.
In: Japanese journal of applied physics. part 1,
FEB 01 1989 v 28 n 2 Page 303
AUTHOR(s): Chetouani, L. Guechi, L. Hammann, T.F.
TITLE(s): Exact path integral solution of the coulomb plus
Aharonov-Bohm potential.
In: Journal of mathematical physics.
MAR 01 1989 v 30 n 3 Page 655
AUTHOR(s): Lee, Patrick A.
TITLE(s): Gauge field, Aharonov-Bohm Flux, and high-Tc
superconductivity.
In: Physical review letters.
AUG 07 1989 v 63 n 6 Page 680
AUTHOR(s): Bezerra, V.B.
TITLE(s): Gravitational analogs of the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Journal of mathematical physics.
DEC 01 1989 v 30 n 12 Page 2895
AUTHOR(s): Reznik, B. Aharonov, Y.
TITLE(s): Question of the nonlocality of the Aharonov-Casher effect.
In: Physical review. D, Particles and fields.
DEC 15 1989 v 40 n 12 Page 4178
AUTHOR(s): Stovicek, P.
TITLE(s): The Green function for the two-solenoid Aharonov-Bohm
effect.
In: Physics letters: [part A]
NOV 27 1989 v 142 n 1 Page 5
AUTHOR(s): Ellis, J.R.
TITLE(s): Dirac magnetic monopole and the Aharonov-Bohm solenoid in
the Poincare gauge.
In: Journal of physics A: Mathematical and general.
JAN 07 1990 v 23 n 1 Page 65
AUTHOR(s): Gerber, A. Deutscher, G.
TITLE(s): AC-to-DC conversion and Aharonov-Bohm effect in percolating
superconducting films.
In: Physical review letters.
MAR 26 1990 v 64 n 13 Page 1585
AUTHOR(s): Hagen, C.R.
TITLE(s): Exact equivalence of spin-1/2 Aharonov-Bohm and
Aharonov-Casher effects.
In: Physical review letters.
MAY 14 1990 v 64 n 20 Page 2347
AUTHOR(s): Afanase'ev, G.N.
TITLE(s): Old and new problems in the theory of the Aharonov-Bohm
effect.
In: Soviet journal of particles and nuclei.
JAN 01 1990 v 21 n 1 Page 74
AUTHOR(s): Silverman, M.P.
TITLE(s): Two-solenoid Aharonov-Bohm experiment with correlated
particles.
In: Physics letters: [part A]
AUG 13 1990 v 148 n 3/4 Page 154
AUTHOR(s): Gornicki, Pawel
TITLE(s): Aharonov-Bohm Effect Vacuum Polarization.
In: Annals of physics.
SEP 01 1990 v 202 n 2 Page 271
AUTHOR(s): Gal'tsov, D.V.
Voropaev, S.A.
TITLE(s): Bremsstrahlung polarization in the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Moscow University physics bulletin.
1990 v 45 n 1 Page 8
AUTHOR(s): Padmanabhan, T.
TITLE(s): Vacuum polarization around an Aharonov-Bohm solenoid.
In: Pramana.
MAR 01 1991 v 36 n 3 Page 253
AUTHOR(s): Hagen, C.R.
TITLE(s): Spin dependence of the Aharonov-Bohm Effect.
In: International journal of modern physics A.
JUL 30 1991 v 6 n 18 Page 3119
AUTHOR(s): Dupuis, Nicolas Montambaux, Gilles
TITLE(s): Aharonov-Bohm flux and statistics of energy levels in
metals.
In: Physical review B: Condensed matter.
JUN 15 1991 v 43 n 18 Page 14390
AUTHOR(s): Ortiz, M.E.
TITLE(s): Gravitational anyons, Chern-Simons-Witten gravity and the
gravitational Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Nuclear physics. b.
SEP 30 1991 v 363 n 1 Page 185
AUTHOR(s): Bezerra, V.B.
TITLE(s): Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm effect in a locally flat
spacetime.
In: Classical and quantum gravity.
OCT 01 1991 v 8 n 10 Page 1939
AUTHOR(s): Sitenko, Y.A.
TITLE(s): The Aharonov-Bohm effect and the inducing of vacuum charge
by a singular magnetic string.
In: Nuclear physics. b.
MAR 23 1992 v 372 n 3 Page 622
AUTHOR(s): March-Russell, John Preskill, John Wilczek, Frank
TITLE(s): Internal frame dragging and a global analog of the
Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Physical review letters.
APR 27 1992 v 68 n 17 Page 2567
AUTHOR(s): Krive, I.V. Rozhavsky, A.S.
TITLE(s): Non-Traditional Aharonov-Bohm Effects in Condensed Matter.
In: International journal of modern physics. B.
MAY 10 1992 v 6 n 9 Page 1255
AUTHOR(s): Krive, I. V. Zvyagin, A. A.
TITLE(s): Aharonov-casher effect in half-integer spin
antiferromagnets.
In: Modern physics letters. B, Condensed matter ph
JUN 20 1992 v 6 n 14 Page 871
AUTHOR(s): Zubkov, M.A. Polikarpov, M.I.
TITLE(s): Aharonov-Bohm effect in lattice field theory.
In: JETP letters.
APR 25 1993 v 57 n 8 Page 461
AUTHOR(s): Duru, I. H.
TITLE(s): Casimir Force Between Two Aharonov-Bohm Solenoids.
In: Foundations of physics.
MAY 01 1993 v 23 n 5 Page 809
AUTHOR(s): Takai, Daisuke Ohta, Kuniichi
TITLE(s): Aharonov-Bohm effect in the presence of magnetic flux and
electrostatic potential.
In: Physical review. b, condensed matter.
JUL 15 1993 v 48 n 3 Page 1537
AUTHOR(s): Allman, B.E. Cimmino, A. Klein, A.G.
TITLE(s): Observation of the scalar Aharonov-Bohm effect by neutron
interferometry.
In: Physical review. A.
SEP 01 1993 v 48 n 3 Page 1799
AUTHOR(s): Jensen, Bjorn Kucera, Jaromir
TITLE(s): On a gravitational Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Journal of mathematical physics.
NOV 01 1993 v 34 n 11 Page 4975
AUTHOR(s): Maeda, J. Shizuya, K.
TITLE(s): Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects and
electromagnetic angular momentum.
In: Zeitschrift fur Physik C; particles and fields.
1993 v 60 n 2 Page 265
AUTHOR(s): Afanasiev, G.N.
TITLE(s): Toroidal solenoids in an electromagnetic field and toroidal
Aharonov-Casher effect.
In: Physica scripta.
OCT 01 1993 v 48 n 4 Page 385
AUTHOR(s): Moreau, William Ross, Dennis K.
TITLE(s): Complementary electric Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and opt
JUN 01 1994 v 49 n 6 Page 4348
AUTHOR(s): Ho, Vu B. Morgan, Michael J.
TITLE(s): An Experiment to Test the Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm
Effect.
In: Australian journal of physics.
1994 v 47 n 3 Page: 245
AUTHOR(s): Zeiske, K. Zinner, G. Helmcke, J.
TITLE(s): Atom interferometry in a static electric field: Measurement
of the Aharonov-Casher phase.
In: Applied physics. b, lasers and optics.
FEB 01 1995 v 60 n 2/3 Page: 205
AUTHOR(s): Sazonov, S.N.
TITLE(s): On Aharonov-Bohm Effect in Multiconnected Superconductor.
In: Acta physica Polonica, A.
DEC 01 1994 v 86 n 6 Page 987
AUTHOR(s): Reznik, B.
TITLE(s): Gravitational analogue of the Aharonov-Casher effect.
In: Physical review d: particles, fields, gravitat
MAR 15 1995 v 51 n 6 Page 3108
AUTHOR(s): Oh, Sangchul Ryu, Chang-Mo
TITLE(s): Persistent spin currents induced by the Aharonov-Casher
effect in mesoscopic rings.
In: Physical review B: Condensed matter.
MAY 15 1995 v 51 n 19 Page 13441
AUTHOR(s): Leadbeater, M. Lambert, C.J.
TITLE(s): Mesoscopic Superconducting Analogs of the
Aharonov-Bohm-Casher Effect.
In: Physical review letters.
MAY 29 1995 v 74 n 22 Page 4519
AUTHOR(s): Cook, Richard J. Fearn, Heidi Milonni, Peter W.
TITLE(s): Fizeau's experiment and the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: American journal of physics.
AUG 01 1995 v 63 n 8 Page 705
AUTHOR(s): Yi, J. Jeon, G. S. Choi, M. Y.
TITLE(s): Dual Aharonov-Casher effect and persistent dipole current.
In: Physical review B: Condensed matter.
SEP 15 1995 v 52 n 11 Page 7838
AUTHOR(s): Audretsch, Jurgen Jasper, Ulf Skarzhinsky, Vladimir D.
TITLE(s): Bremsstrahlung of relativistic electrons in the
Aharonov-Bohm potential.
In: Physical review d: particles, fields, gravitat
FEB 15 1996 v 53 n 4 Page 2178
AUTHOR(s): Skarzhinsky, Vladimir D. Audretsch, Jurgen Jasper, Ulf
TITLE(s): Electron-positron pair production in the Aharonov-Bohm
potential.
In: Physical review d: particles, fields, gravitat
FEB 15 1996 v 53 n 4 Page 2190
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Time out for a summary.
. Hooper, as well as Carr, Rognerud, Jefimenko, et al, find that a
electromagnetic effect which is not shieldable, and hence difficult to
distinguish from gravitation, results from equal and opposite electric
currents (dipole-current), and that a similar effect can also be generated by
a moving magnet or a moving electric current.
. Recent experiments in Tampere Finland, discover a gravitational
shielding effect from a levitated rotating superconductor disk. This is
similar in some respects to Hooper's invention, with the equal-and-opposite
electric current being generated in a superconductor disk via the Meissner
effect.
. Sansbury, Volkov, Brown, Teller, Blackett, Zollner, et al, provide
theoretical arguments as well as some experimental indications that equal-and-
opposite electric charge (dipole-charge) is similar, or equivalent, to a
static gravitational field. And that alignment of electric dipoles in matter
and in vacuum polarization, can result in a force which is not shieldable, and
not easily distinguishable from gravity. Conversely, it is well know that a
gravitational field, an acceleration, or a mechanical force, causes a dipole
moment (polarization) to occur within a dielectric material.
. Wallace, Laithwaite, Barnett, et al, discover that gravitational
and electromagnetic field effects occur due to alignment of the microscopic
spin of quantum particles with the angular momentum spin axis of a larger
macroscopic body.
. Aharonov and Bohm discover that an effect can occur on an electrically
charged particle due to the magnetic vector potential, in regions of space
where the classic Maxwell fields vanish. Originally -- on the outside of
infinitely long solenoid coil (with the magnetic field cancelled by equal-and-
opposite currents). Others have conducted this experiment using a toroidal
coil coated with superconductor material (generating an equal-and-opposite
current) to cause the Maxwell magnetic
field to vanish. A similar effect, Aharonov-Casher is disovered to occur due
to the electric scalar potential, in regions of space where the Maxwell
electric field vanishes.
. Whittaker, and Eherenberg and Siday, have written theories which
are precursors to Aharonov-Bohm, suggesting that the electromagnetic potential
is a far richer and more fundamental thing than the Maxwell fields. The
classical Maxwell fields are regarded as artifical abstractions. We can also
note that Maxwell's theory itself, was originally much richer in variables (20
equations and 20 unknowns), before it was simplified by Gibbs and Heaviside,
to the vector formlation which we know as "Maxwell's" equations.
. Vu Ho authors a recent paper suggesting experiments relating the
electromagnetic potential and the Aharonov-Bohm effect to gravitation. And in
a more recent paper, using the mathematics of differential geometry and
general relativity, Dr Ho demonstrates that gravity can be expressed
mathematically as a coupling of two equal-and-opposite electromagnetic fields.
. Jun Liu authors recent papers suggesting that the electromagnetic
potential is of paramount importance. Liu's theory predicts that "local"
effects can result from the potential in regions where the Maxwell fields
vanish -- a violation of the theory of invariance under electric gauge
transformations. Liu theory predicts that time dilation will occur in an
electric potential. Saxl, Barker, and Keller have conducted earlier
experiments which demonstrate time dilation in an electric potential.
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