| Admittedly,
interstellar travelling is not easy, especially not, if it
depends on such simple technologies as that of us humans. As
inefficient solid-fuel rockets and slow engines are applied,
space travelers can get no further than to Mars. And whether
the first step onto a planet in an alien solar system will be
done by a human himself is out of the question. |
| Decades of research
and development have been necessary until space flight has
arrived at its present state. Perhaps somebody in a future
generation will hit on the fact that there's not that much
about space travel technologies. The difficulty itself lies in
the nearly invincible distances in space - not in driving
techniques. The solution for a problem which rather
mathematicians than engineers should be designated to solve
sounds easier than it is. |
| Instead of the motto
"upgrade engines" it should be "reduce distances". The range
between two far-distant destinations should be shortened so
that e.g. the way from here to Alpha Centauri (with 4.3 light-years
the nearest sun to our solar system) becomes only as great as
some hundred meters. |
| The principle is quite simple:
The best solution would be to apply a wormhole, an imaginary
short cut between two distant points in the universe. Each
wormhole has two entrances which are situated in different
places, and are connected by a tunnel in hyperspace. The
hyperspace is an area which allows us to make the curvature of
space-time in a certain region visible. Actually, this is done
by an embedding diagram which portrays the universe in a more
idealistic way; instead of showing three dimensions it shows
only two. Moreover, it describes the curvature of space-time
which is caused by matter. |
 |
|
Hyperspace can be best compared
with a rubber mat on which lie bowls of different weight. A
bulge on the mat is the deeper the heavier a bowl is. If you
roll a marble over the surface, its course is distracted by
the bulges. It's the same that happens to beams of light when
moving through space. A ray's course is curved by the
gravitation of the stars which they pass by. |
Back to the wormholes: Singularities can happen to stretch
out in hyperspace to connect to each other for a brief time.
Then, a wormhole
|
| The secret in the
creation of such a wormhole lies in quantum foam, a property
of space in tiny scales. The amount detail that we can
recognize depends on the amount of magnification. The
magnification which is necessary to analyse the quantum foam
cannot be attained by any microscope. It's simply impossible
to make such small structures visible, because you would -
after having zoomed to the size of a nucleus (10^-13 cm) -
have to magnify another 20 times by the factor of 10 until you
reach the quantum foam level. The hypothetical microscope we
are using, though, is able to attain this resolution. |
| The structure is
based on vacuum fluctuations in the gravitational field.
Similar to the already known electro-magnetic fluctuations and
to those of a space-time singularity inside a black hole the
space seethes in the range of 10^-33 cm, the so-called Planck-Wheeler-length.
Here the space-time's form is determined by randomness,
connections between single areas of space keep forming and
decomposing. |
| Exactly these
connections must be used. If we had any mechanism with which
we could expand the tunnels in space-time to our proportions
to be traversed by space-ships, this would be a perfect short
cut to abridge cosmic distances. By now, the laws of quantum
gravitation - the area of modern physics that treats of such
phenomena - aren't known well enough to make predictions about
whether this will ever be really possible. But if we succeed
in using the curvature of space-time on a hyper-microscopic
level, and in travelling through wormholes, still there is an
important element missed. |
| Since a wormhole is
exposed to a continuous bombardment by radiation in space, it
would tie up as early as it is crossed by a particle. The
gravitation of a particle entering the hole attracts - even if
only slightly - its walls so it collapses at once. Kip Thorne,
a theoretical physicist and author, deals among other things
with the problem of time-travelling and wormholes. He has
found out that - if one could shield a wormhole from any
harmful influence from outside - the hole had to be
interspersed with one special kind of matter not to let it
collapse again. This type of matter had to possess
characteristics that effects a pressure on the wormhole's
walls instead of attracting them. That means the gravitational
force which is radiated by this matter should be negative and
matter should have a negative mass. |
| Although some
scientists have already succeeded in creating tiny amounts of
anti-matter (electrically conversely charged protons and
electrons), there is no recipe for the creation of matter with
a negative mass. Which possibility for the stabilization of
wormholes is left, then? In any case there is none that is
easy to understand. The opportunity for the creation of a
stable wormhole is only offered if one manages to curve space-time
in every reference system. Now there seems to be nobody who
really knows how to do so.
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