Here it is:
LOW-ENERGY NUCLEAR REACTIONS
A Primer for Non-Physicists
Atoms comprise of negatively charged electrons whirling around a relative=
ly
small nucleus of neutrons and positively charged protons. Protons have a
mass 1836 times the mass of electrons. A neutron is a combination of an
electron and a proton with zero net electrostatic charge. An atom=92s num=
ber
of protons and its equal number of electrons determine its type of elemen=
t.
Only when a positive ion (such as a proton or nucleus of a helium atom)
penetrates an atom=92s nucleus does the atomic nucleus become another ele=
ment
(or another isotope of the same element) or becomes unstable and splits
(fissions) into two or more elements.
For decades, physicists have assumed that changing (transmuting) elements
always requires high energies. Elaborately expensive machinery was requir=
ed
to accelerate a positively charged particle of less than atomic size to a
high enough energy to overcome the electrostatic repulsion of an atom=92s
nucleus and penetrate its interior.
Cold fusion is only one of several types of physical phenomena which
indicate the existence of a mechanism by which elements could be changed =
to
other elements without seemingly requiring very high energies. However, t=
he
secret of cold fusion=92s excess heat had remained a mystery until Septem=
ber
13, 1996 when Kenneth Shoulders explained how the fracturing of palladium
loaded with hydrogen (deuterons) could produce high-density charge cluste=
rs
and cause nuclear reactions. Based on this evidence and on the pioneering
work of Rod Neal and Stan Gleeson, a trio of physicists, Hal Fox, Robert =
W.
Bass, and Shang-Xian Jin, finally deduced a more complete theory of the
nature of the mechanism which extends beyond the discovery of cold fusion.
The magnitude of their fundamental scientific discovery can best be
appreciated by considering that Hal Fox=92s Fusion Information Center, In=
c.,
has collected over 3,000 papers on cold fusion since its discovery in 198=
9
without anyone being able to offer a complete understanding of just how c=
old
fusion works.
What follows is a simplified explanation of their remarkable concept usin=
g
an analogy of electrons as ping pong balls and protons as bowling balls.
Visualize a room with one wall as the positive plate connected to the
positive terminal of a battery, and the opposite wall as the negative pla=
te
connected to the battery=92s negative terminal. Each ping pong ball is
negatively charged and when released at the negative wall, electrostatic
repulsion/attraction will cause the ping pong ball to fly across the room=
to
the positive wall. Each bowling ball is positively charged and when relea=
sed
at the positive wall, it will roll slowly in the opposite direction acros=
s
the room to the negative wall.
Both the ping pong ball and the bowling ball have an equal but opposite
electrostatic charge. So therefore they both draw the same amount of
electrical energy from the battery as they fly or roll from one wall to t=
he
opposite wall. But because the ping pong ball is so much lighter than the
bowling ball, the ping pong ball will strike the opposite wall at a much
greater speed than the bowling ball.
Now assume that 1,000,000 ping pong balls are released as a cluster at th=
e
negative wall. (At a high enough density, electrons will forget their mut=
ual
electrostatic repulsion and cluster in the same manner as ball lightning.
Mother Nature sometimes pulls weird tricks.) Embedded in the ping pong ba=
ll
cluster are 10 bowling balls. Because there are so many more negatively
charged ping pong balls, the positively charged bowling balls are going t=
o
stick with the ping pong balls and ignore the attraction of the negative
wall and the repulsion of the positive wall. So therefore the bowling bal=
ls
hitch a free ride along with the ping pong balls. When the bowling balls =
hit
the positive wall along with the ping pong balls at the same speed as the
ping pong balls, the bowling balls will hit the positive wall with
enormously greater energies than if they had hit the negative wall, rolli=
ng
slowly alone, in the opposite direction.
In the same manner, protons (and other types of positive ions) in
=93low-energy=94 nuclear reactions are hurled into the nucleus of atoms b=
y their
=93piggy-back=94 ride on high-density electron charge clusters with suffi=
cient
energy to split or transmute atoms. This mechanism apparently is the secr=
et
of cold fusion=92s excess heat, eliminating radioactivity, transmutation =
of
common elements into scarce elements, and powerful new atom smashers smal=
l
enough for college physics laboratories. If the new theory holds up to
scrutiny by other physicists, it might win a Nobel prize in physics!