When a single atomic layer of graphite rolls up into a nanotube, the
angle at which the edges join can have a dramatic effect on the tube's
electrical conductivity.
Though made of exactly the same material, some carbon nanotubes
conduct electricity as easily as a metal does, while others act as a
semiconductor, BLOCKING the passage of low voltage current.
First discovered by three researchers in 1992 and now being studied by
two teams of scientists, one from Harvard and the other from Rice as
well as Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, their
findings appear in the January Nature magazine.
Each team used a scanning tunneling microscope to determine the
diameter and spiral angle of a sample nanotube. A miniature probe was
used to measure the tube conductivity.
What is remarkable about the discovery is how one small change in the
structure of the nanotube, can tremendously effect its
electricalconductivity.
For graphite, each carbon atom links to three others, forming a
HEXAGONAL LATTICE that resembles a slice through an atomic-scale
honeycomb. Because of the regularity of this hexagonal structure, the
edges of a sheet of graphite, rolled into a cylinder can be made to
match SEAMLESSLY at several angles.
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Now, correct me if I'm wrong, but from the way I read this, if the
hexagonal lattice of each carbon atom group matches up perfectly, then
you would have the least resistance because of the reduced surface area.
Are their concerns or amplications here that might help or hinder a
free energy device? Does it perhaps tiein to Tom Beardens thoughts on
'corroded wire' that was scavenged and used by the likes of Hendershot,
Hubbard and others?
And to me, the most interesting question, is there a geometry that
would accelerate the flow in such a way that it would suck power,
dumping it faster than it was being supplied so there would always be
the absolute least resistance??
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Here is another interesting biological discovery that might well
indicate how to use waves to amplify weak signals. It deals with
adding noise to a signal to 'bootstrap' or pull up the very weak
signal, though
here only in a gel, the phenomenon might translate to signals in air
or other media.
This phenomenon is called 'Stochastic Resonance'.
Researchers have demonstrated in a laboratory that random fluctuations
in the concentration of a chemical across a surface can enhance the
propagation of wave's of another chemical's activity in a thin gel.
In the February 19th, Nature, researchers Kenneth Showalter of West
Virginia University in Morgantown and Jichan Wang, found enhanced wave
propagation where addition of noise can BOOST A WEAK SIGNAL
todetectable levels.
Showalters and his coworkers studied a photosensitive version of a
chemical system known as a Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, in which
rising and falling chemical concentrations appear as visible waves
traveling through a thin layer of silica gel. Shining light on the
gel produces a chemical that QUENCHES wave propagation.
The researchers initially adjusted the light intensity to SUPPRESS
WAVE ACTIVITY. They then replaced that uniform illumination with a
grid in which intensity varied from cell to cell and from time to time
in each
cell, yet maintained an average intensity across the grid that
influenced activity.
By increasing the AMPLUTIDE of the random flucuations, you get
qualitative changes in the wave behavior. As the optical noise
increases, the wave propagates farther and farther along the medium
until there is SUSTAINED WAVE PROPAGATION.
Eventually, however, the noise OVERWHELMS the system and the waves
breakup.
The waves represent a kind of order that emerges out of the background
of flickering light and reaches a maximum at a particular level of
noise.
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In my opinion, that's the trick to free energy, to make order emerge
out of the background energy of space. Perhaps these two items hold
clues.
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