Thanks for the info. True negative resistance
just means a "resistor" or other component that
outputs more energy than it inputs.
Let's look at one attribute:
In forward time, a positive resistor is an element
that diverges and scatters energy from a flow of
energy passing through it. At least that definition is
good enough for government work.
The same unit, in negative time, would be gathering
"convergent" energy and outputting it as a coherent
energy flow. Just take a video tape of the forward
time process, so to speak, and play it in reverse to
see this.
So one way to produce a true negative resistor in
electrical circuitry, is to somehow produce a material
or component that causes a convergence (i.e., negative
divergence) of the otherwise divergent energy of a
normal resistance, and outputs that reconverged energy
in a coherent energy flow or stream.
The key here is time reversal. Well, one way to do
that is to cause a phase conjugation in something
resembling a resistor material. Phase conjugate
reflection is a time-reversal, or retroreflection.
Remember that energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
You never "use" energy.
When you do work, all you do is diverge the energy,
change its form, or a combination of the two. When
you use one joule of energy to do one joule of work,
you still have a joule of energy left, but in different
form -- in the common resistor, in scattered form.
Note in several presentations I used a gedanken experiment
process whereby one feeds power into a resistor in a
chamber, whose walls are phase conjugate mirror reflectors.
Let us use the reflection coefficient x, which is the
fraction of energy impinging upon the mirror surface that
is retroreflected.
Note that, as compared to ordinary mirror reflection, pure
retroreflection is pure reconvergence, not just redirection.
Now suppose we can build mirror inner chamber walls
with values of x such that 0<=x<=1.
At x = 0, we just have an ordinary resistor. And this
also means that the heat energy impinging on the inner
chamber walls passes through the walls and outside.
Let things reach equilibrium. With careful measurements,
we establish that precisely as much heat is produced
from outside the cylinder as the electrical energy we
are feeding into the inside resistor. So far, normal stuff.
Now suppose that x = 0.1, and the transmission
coefficient y of the chamber walls is 0.9. That is,
for every joule of energy from the resistor hitting
the inside wall, 0.1 joule is retroreflected perfectly
back to the resistor, and 0.9 joules passes through
the walls and radiates out into space.
Suppose we continue to steadily feed the same power
into the resistor in these circumstances. A rather
strange thing happens. The energy in the chamber
steadily grows by a series that is divergent.
So the energy in the chamber increases without bounds
as a function of time passing. Also, the energy density
outside the walls and radiatiing away at any time,
is some 0.9 of the energy density inside the chamber
and on the walls. So the energy density radiating away
from the entire cylinder steadily increases as a function
of time. Yet I am only inputting steadily the same
energy rate (let us say, one joule per second, or one
watt).
As you can see, we can achieve any energy density or
power we wish, from any finite and steady energy input.
This is rigorous.
If it could hold together, such an apparatus could
eventually produce a new Big Bang, blow a hole in
4-space out into n-space, and create another 4-space
universe.
In the real world, materials change nonlinearly as the
energy density rises, and eventually the materials
rupture, etc. I have a drawing which shows some
energetic processes of such an iterative retroreflection
process, assuming that the materials hold together to
a certain point then relax and alter coefficients,
producing a stable level of overunity in each case.
Upper levels of the process include the gamma bursters,
the processes consistent with pair production, and
ultimately the process generating a Big Bang itself.
Anyway, the process shows that AFTER I use energy once
in a component to do work, the escaping energy resulting
can be regathered (reconverged by retroreflection) and
used again. And again, and again, and again. The
universe does this all the time.
We are told that all the energy in the universe existed
shortly after the big bang got going originally. And every
joule of that originally energy has been doing joule
after joule of work, ever since.
Most researchers do not comprehend the real conservation
of energy law: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
And it can be "regathered" and reused, without limit. You
can get many joules of work from a single joule of energy,
IF you iteratively retroreflect and keep bringing much
of the energy back, over and over.
Unfortunately, our profs unwittingly ASSUMED one pass of
the energy, no multiple passes allows and no retroreflection
allowed, and so taught us erroneously that a joule of
energy could produce only one joule of work -- failing to
add "in a single pass work (energy scattering) process."
Rigorously, they taught us only a special case of the more
general work energy theorem,, which I corrected about
three years ago.
To slant back now toward what the scientists did at Buffalo
for a negative resistance or perhaps what they did.
Instead of the chamber and resistor etc., we just look
inside composite carbon materials. Suppose we get the
material so that in the lattice spaces and between various
atoms, etc., we can treat things as a bunch of little
cavities without surroundings that can and do perform
some phase conjugation.
We visualize the material as a sort of resistor, and the
energy (normal sense) being "multiply scattered" here
and there between particles or grains, as it works its
way out of the material and radiates away as scattered
energy or heat.
Now as it is working through the material, it is
impinging upon grain after grain. Let's look at one
little grain, with twin photons impinging on it from
opposite sides, and a third photon hitting it from the
end. Well, that thing is a sort of little "phase conjugate mirror."
And it's pumped by the two
oppositive photons. This means that it can gather up to all the energy
in the
two photons, and output them as a phase conjugate replica of the
impinging
photon from the end. That means that, wherever that "signal wave"
photon that
hit the end came from (which other grain), an amplified phase conjugate
precisely returns.
When you multiply this process, what happens is that the energy density
of the
region where this "intense multiple scattering" is ongoing, the
potential
(energy density) is rising. Technically that is called asymmetrical
self-
regauging. That condition is one condition for an overunity EM process.
As the potential rises in the scattering material, the energy density of
the
material rises. Let us assume that this process levels off nonlinearly,
to
reach a plateau such that twice the energy density as one inputs to the
device
is escaping from the device and radiating away from it.
There you have your negative resistor, made of intensely scattering
material.
In this case, probably a composite carbon compound or admixture, etc.
It is perfectly possible to have such a material, such a process, and
such a
negative resistor, without violating the laws of physics or the laws of
thermodynamics. You have an open system, freely receiving excess energy
from
the vacuum (all local potentials are actually changes to the vacuum
potential,
or to an intermediate potential that itself is a change to the vacuum
potential).
Note that from any finite potential phi, you can collect all the energy
you
wish, simply by having sufficient collectors (charges). That's just the
simple law
W = (phi)q, where W is energy collected on q coulombs of collecting
charges.
>From any finite (phi), just add enough q, and you can collect an unlimited
amount of energy.; that's because rigorously a scalar potential is a
multivector (multiwavepair set) and a multiple bidirectional flow
process, as
shown by E.T. Whittaker in 1903.
The anti-Stokes emission process is always overunity, as has been known
for 50
years. And it uses a variation of the above mechanism (multipass,
multiple
retroreflection to provide asymmetrical self-regauging).
The Patterson process uses the same mechanism. And it has been
independently
measured as high as COP = 1200, so long as his palladium cladding stayed
on
his microspheres. In that case, the "buildup" of the asymmetrical self-
regauging (and the growth of the energy density and consequently the
growth of
the heat escaping) often took many hours. When the input to the machine
was
cut off, the decay then took many hours also, as it kept right on
emitting
energy for awhile, the energy coming from the vacuum via asymmetrical
self-
regauging.
The Lawandy lasing without population inversion (several nice reports,
several
nice patents) is also a variation of the same process.
So there is a very solid basis for a negative resistor made of such
material
as reported by the Buffalo researchers. If I had a materials lab,
that's
precisely the type of material and "negative resistance" I would have
gone
after.
We should add one thing. All charges (magnetic or electrical) are
broken
symmetries in the active vacuum flux (the fierce virtual particle
exchange
between the vacuum and the charge). That means that part of the
incoming
virtual energy that is absorbed, is reradiated as virtual particles.
However,
part of it is radiated in "bunches" sufficiently big to affect and move
normal
charges, and hence constitutes "observable" energy flow. This has been
well-
known in particle physics for four decades, but is absent from
electrodynamics. Every charge in the universe is already a free-energy
machine, pouring forth energy incessantly in observable form (and some
in
virtual form also). So any dipole is also a broken symmetry in the
vacuum
flux, and also a Poynting energy flow generator.
>From the source dipole of a generator or a battery, there thus incessantly
pours a flood of energy, filling all space around the conductors and
moving
essentially parallel to the conductors in the space surrounding them.
Only a
tiny fraction of that enormous flow strikes the surface charges in the
wire
and gets diverged into the wire to power the electrons as current. All
the
rest of the enormous energy flow passes right on off into space and is
not
collected and used by our feeble circuits. One can show (I've done the
calculation) that in a simple circuit, about 10exp13 as much energy flow
escapes (is nondivergent) as is intercepted, collected, and used (i.e.,
as is
diverged to power the electrons as current).
So every circuit we build produces enormously more energy than we even
dream
of. Lorentz unfortunately taught the electrodynamicists a little trick
to
discard that entire nondivergent portion of the energy flow surrounding
the
circuit.
A single human body, e.g., produces as much "total energy flow" as all
electrical loads on earth use. The body produces about 10exp15 watts,
if all
the energy flow could be diverged and used. But since its reaction
coefficient is about 10exp(-13), the body is able to intercept and
collect and
use only about 100 watts. of power.
There is NO PROBLEM in collecting all the energy one wishes from the
vacuum.
That is already done in spades by every charge in the universe. There
is no
problem in putting out that collected and gated energy flow; every
charge and
every dipole already does this, enormously. There is only a problem of
intercepting, collecting, and using to do work in the load, a greater
fraction
of the enormous energy flow already extracted by all our devices.
Note that when we retroreflect iteratively, we pass that enormous
10exp13
nondivergent component of the flow back across the collecting charges
again
and again. That allows additional collection. THAT is where the
ability of
the "negative resistor" process comes from, to produce more energy out
that
the energy you input (BY YOUR NORMAL CALCULATIONS). If you count the
nondivergent portion of the energy input, you already input enormously
more
energy than you were ever taught or than you ever knew. About 10exp13
times
as much!
So I suspect something like this explains what the Buffalo researchers
are
really doing.
However, since they reported it as "room temperature superconductivity,"
I
suspect that they also filed a patent application (universities are very
keen
on that now) and ran afoul of defense security classification. The DOD
and
intel folks who review the patent applications for possible security
classification would have recognized that and reacted. That very well
may
explain the disappearance of the web site entry. The patent application
itself may have been classified.
Anyhow, hope this helps. I'm glad to see someone do it -- ANYONE do it.
Now
if the powers that be will get off the unnecessary classification
routine and
let them get on with it, they could have a real boon to mankind.
A negative resistor, of course, is after all just a straightforward
overunity
EM device.
Cheers,
Tom Bearden
-- Jerry Wayne Decker / jdecker@keelynet.com http://keelynet.com / "From an Art to a Science" Voice : (214) 324-8741 / FAX : (214) 324-3501 ICQ # - 13175100 / AOL - Keelyman KeelyNet - PO BOX 870716 - Mesquite - Republic of Texas - 75187